ЛОСКУТНОЕ ОДЕЯЛО

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Космическая робототехника

Своим мнением о перспективах космической робототехники и о коммерческом потенциале этих технологий делятся Дмитрий Пайсон, директор по развитию Кластера космических технологий и телекоммуникаций; Сергей Седых, исполнительный директор резидента «Селеноход», коммерческий директор «РобоCиВи»; Сергей Мальцев, генеральный директор «РобоСиВи»; а также исполнительный директор НПО «Андроидная техника» Вячеслав Сычков

http://community.sk.ru/press/b/reporter/archive/2013/02/05/kosmicheskaya-robototehnika.aspx

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Data obtained by Saturn explorer brings mysteries of galactic cosmic ray closer

The Cassini spacecraft, which is a Saturn exploration project conducted jointly by NASA, ESA, and the Italian Space Agency, successfully observed in detail strong shock waves generated by a collision of solar winds with Saturn's magnetosphere. Through data analysis, new information was obtained about how high energy particles were generated in our Galaxy. This research achievement was led by JAXA researchers, and the thesis has been published in "Nature Physics," an online version of the British science magazine, issued on Feb. 17, 2013.

http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html

Electron acceleration to relativistic energies at a strong quasi-parallel shock wave

http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nphys2541.html

Cassini Sheds Light on Cosmic Particle Accelerators





February 19, 2013

During a chance encounter with what appears to be an unusually strong blast of solar wind at Saturn, NASA's Cassini spacecraft detected particles being accelerated to ultra-high energies. This is similar to the acceleration that takes place around distant supernovas.

Since we can't travel out to the far-off stellar explosions right now, the shockwave that forms fr om the flow of solar wind around Saturn's magnetic field provides a rare laboratory for scientists with the Cassini mission -- a partnership involving NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency -- to observe this phenomenon up-close. The findings, published this week in the journal Nature Physics, confirm that certain kinds of shocks can become considerably more effective electron accelerators than previously thought.

Shock waves are commonplace in the universe, for example in the aftermath of a stellar explosion as debris accelerate outward in a supernova remnant, or when the flow of particles from the sun - the solar wind - impinges on the magnetic field of a planet to form a bow shock. Under certain magnetic field orientations and depending on the strength of the shock, particles can be accelerated to close to the speed of light at these boundaries. These may be the dominant source of cosmic rays, high-energy particles that pervade our galaxy.

Scientists are particularly interested in "quasi-parallel" shocks, wh ere the magnetic field and the "forward"-facing direction of the shock are almost aligned, as may be found in supernova remnants. The new study, led by Adam Masters of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Sagamihara, Japan, describes the first detection of significant acceleration of electrons in a quasi-parallel shock at Saturn, coinciding with what may be the strongest shock ever encountered at the ringed planet.

"Cassini has essentially given us the capability of studying the nature of a supernova shock in situ in our own solar system, bridging the gap to distant high-energy astrophysical phenomena that are usually only studied remotely," said Masters.

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA and ASI, the Italian space agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington.

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-064

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Delta 2 rocket gets another launch order from NASA

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1302/22delta2/

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Moon, Mars Science Conference Events to Be Streamed

NASA's Mars Curiosity and lunar GRAIL missions, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., will be among those discussed during the 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston on March 18 to 22.
 Science briefings for Curiosity and GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) will be streamed live by JPL on Ustream, as follows:
 --Mars Curiosity: Monday, March 18, 10 a.m. PDT (1 p.m. EDT), online at http://www.ustream.tv/nasajpl .
 --GRAIL and NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Tuesday, March 19, 10 a.m. PDT (1 p.m. EDT), online at: http://www.ustream.tv/nasajpl2 .
 The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
 The briefings, along with others from the conference, will also be streamed by the conference organizer, the Lunar and Planetary Institute of Houston, at: http://www.livestream.com/lpsc2013 . The institute is managed by the Universities Space Research Association, a national, nonprofit consortium of universities chartered at NASA's request in 1969 by the National Academy of Sciences.
 For news products, a complete agenda and other conference information, visit: http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/ . Follow the conference on Twitter and Facebook using the hashtag #lpsc2013: https://twitter.com/lpimeetings and https://www.facebook.com/LunarandPlanetaryInstitute
 More information about NASA's Curiosity mission is online at: http://www.nasa.gov/msl and http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl . More information about NASA's GRAIL mission to the moon is at: http://www.nasa.gov/grail . Follow JPL on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/nasajpl and on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/nasajpl .
 For information about NASA and agency programs, visit: http://www.nasa.gov .

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/mslgrail20130315.html

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44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference at the The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center, The Woodlands, Texas, on March 18–22, 2013.

фото
 
NASA Headquarters Briefing
 
 http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/media/images/NASAHeadquarters/

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NASA Marks 30th Anniversary of TDRS Era

 The maiden launch of space shuttle Challenger, which carried the first TDRS satellite to orbit.
 Credit: NASA
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  TDRS-A (later renamed TDRS-1) being deployed from Challenger's cargo bay.
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  Artist concept of first TDRS satellite.
 Credit: NASA
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On April 4, 1983, space shuttle Challenger began its maiden voyage carrying a new NASA satellite that would revolutionize low-Earth orbit communications forever. A prime objective of the sixth space shuttle mission was the deployment NASA's first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, also known as TDRS-A.

 The next day, astronauts released TDRS-A from the shuttle cargo bay. Thirty-nine adjustments burns later, it achieved geosynchronous orbit around the equator traveling 22,300 miles above Earth. Once operational, TDRS-A was renamed TDRS-1 and a new era in spacecraft-to-ground communications for NASA had begun.

 "The launch of the first TDRS spacecraft 30 years ago opened a new era for satellite communications," said Jeff Volosin, deputy associate director, Exploration and Space Communication at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "This revolutionary network, the only one of its kind in the world, has enabled NASA's astronauts and robots to relay their outstanding scientific achievements to Earth."

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На 2017 планируется запуск TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) для поиска экзопланет по всему небу транзитным методом.

NASA Selects Explorer Investigations for Formulation

WASHINGTON -- NASA's Astrophysics Explorer Program has sel ected two missions for launch in 2017: a planet-hunting satellite and an International Space Station instrument to observe X-rays from stars.

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) were among four concept studies submitted in September 2012. NASA determined these two offer the best scientific value and most feasible development plans.
 
 TESS will use an array of telescopes to perform an all-sky survey to discover transiting exoplanets ranging fr om Earth-sized to gas giants, in orbit around the nearest and brightest stars in the sky. Its goal is to identify terrestrial planets in the habitable zones of nearby stars. Its principal investigator is George Ricker of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.
 
 NICER will be mounted on the space station and measure the variability of cosmic X-ray sources, a process called X-ray timing, to explore the exotic states of matter within neutron stars and reveal their interior and surface compositions. The principal investigator is Keith Gendreau of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md.
 

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"The Explorer Program has a long and stellar history of deploying truly innovative missions to study some of the most exciting questions in space science," said John Grunsfeld, NASA's associate administrator for science in Washington. "With these missions we will learn about the most extreme states of matter by studying neutron stars and we will identify many nearby star systems with rocky planets in the habitable zone for further study by telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope."
 
 NASA's Explorer program is the agency's oldest continuous program and is designed to provide frequent, low-cost access to space using principal investigator-led space science investigations relevant to the Science Mission Directorate's astrophysics and heliophysics programs. Satellite mission costs are capped at $200 million and space station mission costs are capped at $55 million.
 
 The program has launched more than 90 missions. It began in 1958 with the Explorer 1, which discovered the Earth's radiation belts. Another Explorer mission, the Cosmic Background Explorer, led to a Nobel prize. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center manages the program for the agency's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
 
 For more information about the Explorer program, visit: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov
 For information about NASA, visit: http://www.nasa.gov

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http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/apr/HQ_13-088_Astro_Explorer_Mission_.html

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НАСА анонсировало две космических миссии - TESS и NICER

// CyberSecurity.ru // - Космическое агентство НАСА выбрало две новых бюджетных космических миссии, которые планируется запустить в 2017 году. Согласно решению ведомства, через четыре года планируется запуск космического аппарата для поиска планет, а также специализированную научную установку на МКС, которая займется поиском и исследованием сверхплотных нейтронных звезд. Проекты TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) и NICER (Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer) - это последние инициативы астрофизического подразделения НАСА. Согласно решению директората НАСА, на первый проект планируется выделить в общей сложности 200 млн долларов, тогда как на второй - 55 млн долларов.
 
 Как рассказали в НАСА, космический аппарат TESS во время работы будет использовать массив широкоугольных камер для сканирования близлежащих звезд на предмет наличия вокруг них планет, причем во время работы основной приоритет будет отдаваться планетам, подобным Земле в так называемых "обитаемых зонах" вокруг звезд. После поиска таких планет, аппарат TESS будет искать на них воду в жидком состоянии.
 
 В Массачусетском технологическом институте, где ведется разработка TESS, говорят, что зона охвата их аппарата примерно в 400 раз шире, чем у ранее выводившихся на орбиту подобных телескопов. Исследователи ожидают, что TESS сможет найти "тысячи" планет вокруг ближайших к нам звезд.
 
 Как и у других аппаратов, охотящихся за планетами, у TESS будет система, которая позволит ему отыскивать планеты, когда те будут проходить по орбите мимо их звезд и тень от них должна попадать в объекты чувствительных камер TESS. Сейчас подобным способом планеты также ищет и находящийся на околоземной орите аппарат Кеплер. Он был запущен в марте 2009 года и с тех пор обнаружил около 2700 потенциальных экзопланет.
 
 В отличие от свободно летающего TESS, новый аппарат NICER должен быть штатно установлен на борту МКС. Он займется исследованиями источников рентгеновского излучения, при помощи которых специалисты надеются понять природу нейтронных звезд, представляющих собой сжатые останки взорвавшихся звезд.
 
 В заявлении НАСА сказано, что оба проекта должны улучшить понимание нашей Вселенной со стороны ученых и всего человечества. "Новые миссии помогут нам лучше понять наиболее экстремальные состояния материи в нейтронных звездах и позволят нам выявить твердые землеподобные планеты неподалеку от Земли", - говорит Джон Грансфелд, помощник администратора НАСА по науке.             

http://www.cybersecurity.ru/prognoz/172867.html

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NASA Selects Explorer Projects To Probe Earth's Upper Atmosphere
 
WASHINGTON -- NASA has sel ected a new satellite mission and a new space-based instrument to begin development as part of the agency's Heliophysics Explorer Program. The projects will provide space observations to study Earth's ionosphere and thermosphere.

The Ionospheric Connection (ICON) mission, led by Thomas Immel of the University of California, Berkeley, will probe the extreme variability of Earth's ionosphere with in-situ and remote-sensing instruments. Fluctuations in the ionosphere interfere with signals from communications and global positioning satellites, which can have an economic impact on the nation.
     
The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission of opportunity, led by Richard Eastes of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, is an imaging instrument that will fly on a commercial communications satellite in geostationary orbit to image the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere.

"One of the frontier areas of heliophysics is the study of the interface between outer space and the upper reaches of Earth's atmosphere," said John Grunsfeld, NASA associate administrator for science at NASA Headquarters, Washington. "These selected projects use innovative solutions to advance our knowledge of this relatively unexplored region. The two missions together will result in significantly more advances in our understanding of Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere than either would alone."

These two Explorer projects were selected fr om proposals submitted in response to the NASA Explorer announcement of opportunity in 2010. The proposals were judged to offer the best science value and feasible development plans among the six concept studies submitted to NASA in September 2012.

Costs for NASA Explorer missions, such as ICON, are capped at $200 million each (fiscal year 2011 dollars), excluding the launch vehicle. Explorer missions of opportunity, such as GOLD, are capped at $55 million each. The new missions are expected to launch in 2017.
The Explorer program is the agency's oldest continuous program. It is designed to provide frequent, low-cost access to space for principal investigator-led space science investigations relevant to the heliophysics and astrophysics programs in NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.

The Explorer program has launched more than 90 missions since 1958, including Explorer 1 which discovered the Earth's radiation belts and the Nobel Prize-enabling mission Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) mission. The program is managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center for the Science Mission Directorate.

For more information about the Explorer program, visit: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov

http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/apr/HQ_C13-100_Helio_Explorers.html

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http://icon.ssl.berkeley.edu/

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NASA's Wind Mission Encounters 'SLAMS' Waves
04.16.13

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Earth is surrounded by a giant magnetic bubble called the magnetosphere. As it travels through space, a complex system of charged particles fr om the sun and magnetic structures piles up in front of it. Scientists wish to better understand this area in front of the bow shock, known as the foreshock, as it can help explain how energy fr om the rest of space makes its way past this boundary into the magnetosphere. Credit: Credit: NASA/GSFC

 As Earth moves around the sun, it travels surrounded by a giant bubble created by its own magnetic fields, called the magnetosphere. As the magnetosphere plows through space, it sets up a standing bow wave or bow shock, much like that in front of a moving ship. Just in front of this bow wave lies a complex, turbulent system called the foreshock. Conditions in the foreshock change in response to solar particles streaming in from the sun, moving magnetic fields and a host of waves, some fast, some slow, sweeping through the region.

 To tease out what happens at that boundary of the magnetosphere and to better understand how radiation and energy from the sun can cross it and move closer to Earth, NASA launches spacecraft into this region to observe the changing conditions. From 1998 to 2002, NASA's Wind spacecraft traveled through this foreshock region in front of Earth 17 times, providing new information about the physics there.

 "I stumbled on some cool squiggles in the data," says Lynn Wilson, who is deputy project scientist for Wind at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. "They turned out to be a special kind of magnetic pulsations called short large amplitude magnetic structures, which we call SLAMS for short."

 SLAMS are waves with a single, large peak, a little like giant rogue waves that can develop in the deep ocean. By studying the region around the SLAMS and how they propagate, the Wind data showed SLAMS may provide an improved explanation for what accelerates narrow jets of charged particles back out into space, away from Earth. Tracking how any phenomenon catalyzes the movement of other particles is one of the crucial needs for modeling this region. In this case, understanding just how a wave can help initiate a fast-moving beam might also help explain what causes incredibly powerful rays that travel from other solar systems across interstellar space toward Earth. Wilson and his colleagues published a paper on these results in the Journal of Geophysical Research online on March 6, 2013.

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The material pervading this area of space – indeed all outer space – is known as plasma. Plasma is much like a gas, but each particle is electrically charged so movement is governed as much by the laws of electromagnetics as it is by the fundamental laws of gravity and motion we more regularly experience on Earth.

 "One of the unique things about space weather is how little things can have big effects," says David Sibeck, a space scientist at Goddard who is a co-author on the paper. "An event might seem small and just generate local turbulence, but it can have profound effects downstream. The front of the magnetosphere is right in the line between sun and Earth, so it's a crucial place to understand which small things can lead to big results."

 Since the 1970s, researchers have known that particles seem to be reflecting off the magnetosphere, creating intense particle jets called field aligned ion beams, but it's not been clear how. Now, the Wind data helps provide a more detailed snapshot of how they form, as it travels through a slew of SLAMS and the ion beams.

 The scientists' job was to map wh ere these events happen in space and time and to try to determine which events initiate which. Wilson says that the solar wind constantly moves toward Earth's bow shock and then reflects off it.

 "These structures get excited upstream and they start to grow and steepen, kind of like a water wave," says Wilson. "But instead of breaking and tumbling over, they stand up, getting bigger and faster." He says that the SLAMS attempt to move against the gale of solar wind streaming toward them, but ultimately get pushed back, creating a new messy boundary in front of the magnetosphere. "And then they effectively create their own new bow shock," says Wilson.

 Without the SLAMS, one would expect incoming particles from the solar wind to skip and slide along the outside of the bow shock, the way flowing water in a river might move around a large rock. But the SLAMS create a kind of magnetic mirror, causing the solar particles to reflect, attenuating them into one of these field-aligned ion beams, shooting out along magnetic fields back out and away from Earth.

 Wind data does not inherently show which of these things create the other, it simply shows the presence of both. However, the ion beams were not seen in the space between the front of the true bow shock and the SLAMS -- only streaming away from the SLAMS out toward space. The beams also only appeared after the SLAMS had a chance to fully form. This strengthened the conclusion that the SLAMS themselves lead to the beams, acting as a magnetic mirror to reflect the particles outward.

 The more we know about what happens in the frothy, turbulent area in front of Earth, the more we know about how the solar wind and other material bursting off the sun may be able to penetrate into near Earth-space.

 "What happens to Earth's magnetic field depends on what's happening here at the front of the bow shock," says Sibeck. "And what's happening there is dramatic. It's going to affect how much energy moves into the magnetosphere. Once inside the magnetosphere, it can create powerful solar storms and impact communications and GPS satellites that we depend on daily."

 The observations also have implications beyond protecting Earth. By sending spacecraft to observe plasma here, scientists can take advantage of the only area of the universe wh ere we can study such plasma movement directly -- and thus apply the research to information about stars across the galaxy as well. For example, astrophysicists would like to better understand what causes cosmic ray acceleration -- particles that are generally much faster than the field aligned ion beams, but accelerated in similar manners, says Wilson. One theory is that a magnetic mirror of some kind causes the particles to bounce back and forth and gain more speed and energy as the mirrors move closer together. Near the front of the magnetosphere, the SLAMS might be doing just that.

 For more information about NASA's Wind mission, please visit:

http://wind.nasa.gov/

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http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/wind-slamswaves.html

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ЕКА разрабатывает спутник для взвешивания лесов на планете

http://www.esa.int/For_Media/Press_Releases/ESA_s_next_Earth_Explorer_satellite
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22435656
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/sci/2013-05/08/c_124677446.htm

ESA picks "Biomass" as new satellite mission to explore precious resources of Earth

2013-05-08 06:12:44

PARIS, May 7 (Xinhua) -- A new Earth Explorer mission "Biomass" is set to become the next in a series of satellites developed to further people's understanding of the Earth, the European Space Agency (ESA) said Tuesday.

This innovative satellite, which was sel ected by the ESA's Earth Observation Programme Board to be the seventh Earth Explorer mission, aims to map and monitor one of Earth's most precious resources, the ESA said in a statement.

"Biomass is an innovative new addition to the Earth Explorer satellite series," said Volker Liebig, director of the ESA's Earth Observation Programmes. It will play an important role in quantifying forest biomass, information necessary to better understand the carbon cycle.

"The satellite will be designed to provide, for the first time fr om space, P-band radar measurements that are optimised to determine the amount of biomass and carbon stored in the world's forests with greater accuracy than ever before," the world leading space agency added.

Biomass also has the potential to evolve into an operational system, providing long-term monitoring of forests, one of the Earth's most important natural resources, according to the ESA.

The launch of the mission is foreseen for 2020, it noted.

The Earth Explorers are a series of satellites developed to further people's understanding of the Earth.

Three missions currently in orbit are providing new insight into the Earth's cryosphere, gravity and soil moisture and ocean salinity. Future missions will provide new information on the magnetic field, wind and how clouds and aerosols affect the radiation budget.

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http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/EarthObservation/SP1324-1_BIOMASSr.pdf

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Бюджет ЕКА в 2014 году составит около 4 млрд евро

БАЙКОНУР (Казахстан), 29 мая — РИА Новости. Бюджет Европейского космического агентства (ЕКА) в 2014 году не изменится по сравнению с 2013 годом и составит порядка 4 миллиардов евро, сообщил журналистам на космодроме Байконур глава агентства Жан-Жак Дорден.
"Наш бюджет на 2014 год будет того же порядка, что и в этом году — примерно около 4 миллиардов евро", — сказал Дорден.
Ранее Дорден сообщал, что бюджет ЕКА в 2013 году увеличился на 6% — до 4,2 миллиарда евро, из них 75% приходится на долю стран-членов (ЕКА), а 25% — на долю стран-партнеров.

http://ria.ru/science/20130529/940086950.html

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Ученые выяснили, как Венера превратилась в безводную кислотную пустыню

МОСКВА, 29 мая — РИА Новости. Венера превратилась из "двойника" Земли с большим количеством воды в выжженную и безводную кислотную пустыню благодаря тому, что во время формирования Солнечной системы ее поверхность охлаждалась слишком медленно, препятствуя конденсации влаги, заявляют планетологи в статье, опубликованной в журнале Nature.
Венера, несмотря на схожие с Землей условия формирования, разительно отличается по своему внешнему облику от нашей планеты. Так, атмосфера "утренней звезды" раскалена до 462 градусов Цельсия, на ней практически нет воды, ее поверхность покрыта вулканами, а атмосфера состоит из углекислого газа и серной кислоты. Пока среди ученых нет единого мнения о том, как Венера могла лишиться своих водных запасов и превратиться в гигантский парник.

Группа планетологов под руководством Кейко Хамано (Keiko Hamano) из университета Токио (Япония) смогла объяснить трансформацию Венеры, изучив результаты работы модели Солнечной системы, описывавшей формирование Земли и Венеры. При создании этой модели Хамано и его коллеги обратили внимание на то, что новорожденные планеты получали разное количество тепла от юного Солнца.
Астрономы учли этот факт и получили неожиданные результаты. Оказалось, что разное количество тепла, которое получали Земля и Венера, кардинально меняло то, как они остывали. Так, "лишняя" солнечная энергия препятствовала переносу тепла с расплавленной поверхности Венеры в ее атмосферу, заполненную водяным паром. Поэтому Венера нагревалась, а не охлаждалась до тех пор, пока большая часть пара не улетучилась в космос.
В результате, Венера охлаждалась на десятки миллионов лет дольше, чем Земля, и высокие температуры на ее поверхности препятствовали конденсации воды. Из-за этого древние океаны Венеры были значительно меньше, чем земные, благодаря чему они не смогли помешать быстрому возникновению парникового эффекта. По словам ученых, их теорию можно будет проверить, проанализировав химический состав венерианских пород.

http://ria.ru/science/20130529/940225012.html

[Старый]

instml пишет:
 Ученые выяснили, как Венера превратилась в безводную кислотную пустыню

 МОСКВА, 29 мая — РИА Новости. Венера превратилась из "двойника" Земли с большим количеством воды в выжженную и безводную кислотную пустыню благодаря тому, что во время формирования Солнечной системы ее поверхность охлаждалась слишком медленно, препятствуя конденсации влаги, заявляют планетологи в статье, опубликованной в журнале Nature.

Они сами то поняли что написали?

[Bizonich]

instml пишет:
При создании этой модели Хамано и его коллеги обратили внимание на то, что новорожденные планеты получали разное количество тепла от юного Солнца.
Астрономы учли этот факт и получили неожиданные результаты.

А это как понять, что раньше не знали, не учитывали и не считали?

[instml]

Британские инженеры сообщают об успешном испытании пенетраторов в космосе

Британские инженеры рассказали журналистам, о недавней проверке их космических пенетраторов и по всем признакам это был полный успех. Пространственный пенетратор созданный в форме пули с электронной начинкой внутри. Его целью является проникновение в жесткие слови почвы на другой планете или Луне, проникая в поверхность до десяти футов.

После проникновения пенетратора в почву на нем включается информационный радио датчик.

В тесте, пенетраторами был обстреляна 10 тонная глыба льда. Сила столкновения с блоком составила примерно 340 м/с, что почти достигает скорости звука. И в то время как эта глыба льда уже сократилась до гигантского снежного конуса, электронные приборы внутри зонда сохранились и продолжали работать, как и планировалось, благодаря пружинным механизмам предусмотренными инженерами, чтобы помочь смягчить удар.

Основная цель пенетратора – определить, есть ли жизнь на другой планете или Луне в нашей Солнечной системе. В настоящее время, есть надежда, что они будут использоваться на спутнике Юпитера Европе, которая как полагают, скрывает жидкий океан под его ледяной коркой.

В соответствующее время, модуль с пенетратором будет выброшен со спутника. Сам модуль будет состоять из пенетратора и компонентов двигателя для перемещения модуля в нужное место. Как только это место будет достигнуто, двигатель будет отпущен и пенетратор упадет передней частью вниз на поверхность спутника. Высокая скорость падения позволит пенетратору проникнуть в поверхность на необходимое расстояние и затем он начнет отправку данных по радио сообщению на спутник, который будет ретранслировать их обратно на Землю.

Представители проектной команды сообщили СМИ, что пенетратор может обладать самыми разнообразными датчиками и может даже обладать небольшими сверлами для взятия проб вблизи зонда.

Проект финансируется Европейским космическим агентством, хотя агентству еще предстоит решить, отправить ли пенетраторы на самом деле, когда-нибудь в космос. Исследователи по проекту говорят, что проект будет готов к запуску в течение следующего десятилетия.

http://www.astronews.ru/cgi-bin/mng.cgi?page=news&news=4252

[raputor]

Старый пишет:
Они сами то поняли что написали?

Bizonich пишет:
А это как понять

Ребят, это же британские учёные (из Японии), их не нужно понимать, их нужно принимать, как данность.

[Дмитрий В.]

"МАРС НАСТУПАЕТ!"
http://www.rosbalt.ru/style/2013/07/21/1154967.html