Индия возвращается в пилотируемый космос

[pkl]

И стартовым столом с МИКом, гы.

[Salo]

http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/india-to-join-international-space-station/204738

India to join International Space Station[/size]

Published On: July 9, 2011 | Duration: 1 min, 25 sec

The ISRO has said that India has finally been invited to partner in the gigantic global effort - the International Space Station (ISS). In an exclusive interview to NDTV's Pallava Bagla, ISRO Chairman Dr K Radhakrishnan confirmed that India would initially be contributing instruments but, as of now, there were no plans to send Indians to the space station. India will be the sixth nation to join this 100 billion dollar effort.

[Salo]

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/manned-missions-being-discussed-isro-chief/articleshow/9238247.cms

15 Jul, 2011, 09.26PM IST,IANS
Manned missions being discussed: ISRO chief[/size]

SRIHARIKOTA (ANDHRA PRADESH): India's space agency has plans to launch a manned space mission in the future, but a lot of work needs to be done before that to ensure such missions are failure-proof, a top scientist has said.

K. Radhakrishnan, chairman of ISRO, said here that the space agency will have to first master the rocket technology to launch heavy communications satellites before it can progress to a manned mission.

"Rockets that carry humans cannot have a failure rate of more than two per thousand flights," he said after the successful launch of latest communications satellite GSAT-12 from the space port.

"Further what we have now (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) is only an unmanned rocket where the reliability should be 99 percent," Radhakrishnan said.

"We are trying to understand the intricacies of manned space mission. ISRO has to work on areas like thermal protection, life support and crew escape systems."

"We had a long discussion on manned space mission. The initial plan was to put two humans in space for seven days," he added.

According to him the first mission is to build a reliable GSLV rocket for launching heavy satellites.

He said ISRO is expected to be ready with a GSLV rocket to be powered by its own cryogenic engine next year.

Queried about the second space capsule recovery experiment (SRE-2), P.S. Veeraraghavan the director at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, said the capsule is in the final stages of integration and the mission will be sometime next year.[/size]

[dee34rt]

А она от туда когда-нибудь уходила?

[Лютич]

Я так и не понял - наши, извиняюсь, таки продали им Союз или нет?

Нет, не продали.
Да и по жизнеобеспечению с дополнительными блоками, насколько мне известно, до сих пор не договорились.

[Salo]

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/isro-moon-mission-delay-gslv/1/145987.html

ISRO mulls delaying moon mission, may opt for foreign tie-up[/size]

Max Martin  | Hassan (Karnataka), July 24, 2011 | Updated 11:38 IST

The Indian space programme appears to have shifted to the 'go slow' mode as far as its plan to send a manned mission to space is concerned. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had earlier fixed an unofficial target of 2016 for the first human space flight from the Indian soil.

Now, ISRO chairman Dr K. Radhakrishnan says the agency is open to different options, including foreign tie-ups, for India's manned mission.

One of the key requirements for such a mission is a launch vehicle with high reliability - one with a risk factor as less as one in 100. The crew escape factor should be even better and the tolerable risk factor must be one in 1000. An upgraded version of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle - GSLV Mark II - could take a two-member crew to space.

But the two failures of GSLV last year have come as a blow to the Indian space agency. "GSLV will now have to first go on unmanned missions," Radhakrishnan said. Other technologies, too, need to be perfected.

Environmental control and life support are critical in a manned mission. When a crew module enters the atmosphere at an altitude of 120 km, there is a thermal flux or heat energy transfer through a given surface.

"You have to land at a precise point on the earth," Radhakrishnan said, adding that "If anything goes wrong - during the launch or the flight - we still have to save human beings." In one experiment in 2007 - Space Capsule Recovery Experiment - re-entry was tested successfully.

The government has given Rs 145 crore for pre-project studies that covers these aspects.

Pending development of all the necessary technologies locally, ISRO is looking at the possibility of sending an Indian crew abound the earth - an orbit of around 275 to 400 km above the earth.

"Option one is that we could send the crew in a foreign module - like Rakesh Sharma went in 1984." Radhakrishnan said. "Another option is to have our own crew module, but use a proven man-rated launcher of another country." A third option would be an end-to-end system that is human-rated, that includes the launch vehicle and the crew module.

"The question is how prepared are we, and what are the long-term benefits," Radhakrishan said.[/size]

[Константин Дюкарев]

Но официально astronaut.ru пока публикует данные по-скромнее
http://www.astronaut.ru/as_india/as_india_0.htm
В марте 2009 года появилось сообщение, что специалисты одной из военных научно-исследовательских лабораторий пищи уже приступили к созданию космического набора карри для индийского астронавта. Вероятно, образцы «космической пищи» будут опробованы во время планируемого на 2013 год полёта индийского астронавта на российском корабле «Союз ТМА» (о планах совместных полётов см. в соответствующем разделе).

2 мая 2009 года газета The Hindu опубликовала сообщение, что макет (эргономическая модель - Ergonomic model) создаваемого космического корабля изготовлен в Бангалоре и в конце апреля был доставлен в Космический центр имени Викрама Сарабхаи (Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre - VSSC) в городе Тируванантхапурам (Thiruvananthapuram), штат Керала. Макет предназначен для тренировок астронавтов и персонала центра.

23 декабря 2009 года начальник управления пилотируемых программ Роскосмоса Алексей Краснов сообщил, что Индия обратилась к России с просьбой предоставить технологии для создания пилотируемых космических кораблей и отправить индийского космонавта на орбиту. Одним из этапов в становлении индийской пилотируемой космонавтики является использование опыта создания и эксплуатации корабля «Союз». Индийский корабль будет скорее всего строиться по похожей технической схеме, однако не будет точной копией «Союза», поскольку имеющиеся у Индии ракеты-носители пока не в состоянии вывести на орбиту такие тяжёлые корабли, как «Союз». Переговоры по этому вопросу находятся на самом начальном этапе. Александр Краснов напомнил, что ранее Россия участвовала в создании ракеты-носителя для Индии, а теперь индийская сторона предложила сотрудничество по пилотируемой программе до 2020 года.

11 января 2010 года заместитель руководителя Роскосмоса Виталий Давыдов заявил агенству «Интерфакс», что от индийской стороны поступило предложение выкупить пилотируемый корабль «Союз», и этот вопрос находится в стадии обсуждения. По оценке Роскосмоса такой полёт вполне реален на рубеже 2013 года. Учитывая сроки строительства кораблей индийская сторона должна окончательно подтвердить свое предложение в начале 2010 года, и если она этого не сделает, то полёт будет передвинут на более поздний срок, т.к. на дополнительный «Союз» есть и другие претенденты. При этом Давыдов подчеркнул, что индийская сторона должна будет оплатить все расходы по запуску, в том числе подготовку и полёт российского космонавта, который будет командиром экипажа. Интересно, что рассматриваемое предложение не включает полёт представителей Индии на МКС, а предполагает лишь автономную орбитальную миссию. Длительность полёта пока не определена, хотя Индия желает отправить своих космонавтов в космос на неделю.

27 января 2010 года глава Индийской организации космических исследований (ISRO) Кумарасвами Радхакришнан заявил журналистам, что Индия запустит первый пилотируемый космический корабль в 2016 году. В космос отправятся два астронавта, которые проведут на околоземной орбите 7 дней. По его словам, в течение ближайших четырёх лет ISRO спроектирует и разработает космический модуль для пилотируемой миссии, специалисты агентства ведут подготовку предполётной документации на строительство необходимой для реализации плана инфраструктуры, стоимость которой оценивается в 2,76 миллиарда долларов.

13 апреля 2010 года руководитель Индийской организации космических исследований доктор К. Радхакришнан (K. Radhakrishnan) заявил, что к 2017 году Индия отправит в космос двух космонавтов на борту космического корабля собственного производства. По его словам, летные испытания корабля в беспилотном варианте начнутся уже через четыре года (т.е. в 2014 году) одновременно с отработкой модифицированного варианта ракеты-носителя GSLV, с помощью которой и будет выполнен запуск.

13 июля 2010 года газета Times of India опубликовала интервью К. Радхакришнана, заявившего о том, что Индия планирует к 2013 году вывести на околоземную орбиту для испытаний непилотируемый космический корабль, на котором в будущем совершат полет два первых индийских космонавта. По его словам, работа над созданием корабля пройдет в несколько этапов: в ходе первого предстоит создать технологии конструкции обитаемой капсулы этого космического аппарата, который будет оснащен системами для обеспечения жизнедеятельности пилотов-космонавтов и их спасения в случае нештатных ситуаций. В рамках подготовки к пилотируемым полетам на главном индийском космодроме космического центра им.Дхавана в Шрихарикоте будет построена третья пусковая площадка. Для запуска капсулы с космонавтами планируется использовать ракету-носитель GSLV Mk-2, отметил Радхакришнан. Стоимость проекта космического полета индийских космонавтов составит 10 млрд рупий (около 2 млрд дол). В настоящее время эта программа ожидает одобрения индийского правительства.

и на http://www.astronaut.ru/as_india/text/sel3.htm?reload_coolmenus
12 января 2010 года заместитель руководителя Роскосмоса Виталий Давыдов сообщил, что: «от индийской стороны нам поступило предложение выкупить пилотируемый корабль «Союз» Этот вопрос сейчас обсуждается. По нашим оценкам, это - вполне реально на рубеже 2013 года». Рассматриваемое предложение не включает полет индийских космонавтов на Международную космическую станцию, а предполагает лишь полет на орбиту, сказал В.Давыдов. С учетом сроков строительства кораблей (2,5 года) для осуществления полёта в 2013 году индийская сторона должна окончательно подтвердить свое предложение в начале 2010 года.

13 марта 2010 года премьер-министр РФ Владимир Путин в пятницу по окончании переговоров с индийским премьером в Нью-Дели заявил, что индийский космонавт побывает в космосе в 2015 году.

18 марта 2010 года источник в ракетно-космической отрасли сообщил агентству «Интерфаксу-АВН», что начиная с 2012 года в космос будет ежегодно летать не четыре, а пять российских космических кораблей «Союз». По словам источника, на одном из дополнительных «Союзов» в период с 2013 по 2015 годы совершат орбитальный полет двое индийских космонавтов. Такая договоренность была достигнута между Россией и Индией во время визита в Нью-Дели премьер-министра РФ Владимира Путина.

19 марта 2010 года начальник пилотируемых программ Роскосмоса Алексей Краснов сообщил журналистам, что запуск индийского космонавта на российском корабле «Союз» намечен на 2013 год, и что полет пройдет без стыковки с Международной космической станцией.

Однако 16 июня 2010 года президент РКК «Энергия» Виталий Лопота сообщил, что полет индийских космонавтов на российском корабле «Союз» откладывается. «С индийцами мы договорились о том, что мы помогаем в освоении космоса, но, к сожалению, в назначенные сроки, когда мы планировали полеты кораблей на предстоящие годы, Индия ответ свой не дала», - сказал он. «Сегодня обсуждается вопрос более дальнего по времени их участия в наших программах», - добавил руководитель «Энергии».

20 июля 2010 года начальник управления пилотируемых программ Роскосмоса Алексей Краснов, комментируя заявление К.Радхакришнана газете Times of India, заявил на пресс-конференции, что у России пока нет никаких оформленных договоренностей об организации полета индийских космонавтов или о совместной разработке индийского корабля пока нет. «Может быть, они самостоятельно могут это сделать. Буду только рад за них», - сказал он.

5 августа 2010 года руководитель Роскосмоса Анатолий Перминов по итогам переговоров с с К.Радхакришнаном заявил, что запуск индийского космонавта на «Союзе» пока не планируется, соглашения об этом не подписано и пока не планируется к подписанию. Вопрос о полёте находится в стадии рассмотрения и вряд ли будет решен в ближайшее время. Он объяснил это тем, что у Роскосмоса не будет в ближайшее время для этого технических возможностей в связи с прекращением запусков к МКС американских шаттлов. Глава Роскосмоса отметил, что Россия в ближайшие годы будет ограничена в возможностях запуска на кораблях «Союз» иностранных космонавтов на МКС.

Вопрос о полете индийских космонавтов на российском корабле был закрыт 8 октября 2010 года, когда глава управления пилотируемых программ Роскосмоса Алексей Краснов сообщил, что власти Индии отказались от полета своих космонавтов на российском «Союзе» в 2013-14 годах. «Они закрыли вопрос», - сказал он. Краснов напомнил, что «первоначально у индийцев был интерес к осуществлению полета по так называемой «гагаринской схеме», то есть без полета к Международной космической станции». Представитель Роскосмоса уточнил, что «предполагался полет двух индийских космонавтов с российским командиром на борту для изучения работоспособности тех приборов, которые индийцы сделали для своей космической программы с тем, чтобы апробировать их параллельно с российским оборудованием в тестовом режиме в реальном полете». «На сегодняшний день у индийцев, наверное, изменилась программа, они отказались от такой идеи полета», - заявил Краснов.

[Константин Дюкарев]

Но судя по Индийской склонности к недорогой не-многотонной многоразовости, пожалуй стоит задуматься о том, чтобы им продать проект ЛКС, а не СОЮЗы.

В мдеале, хотелось бы, что ЛКС запускали наши, но с КЛИПЕРом, РУСЬю, АНГАРой-ОРЛом и другим  проектами, мы даже забыли об этой очень перспективной разработке: ЛКС под АЛМАЗ.

http://astronautix.com/craft/lks.htm


Chelomei spaceplane
Russian manned spaceplane. Mock-up stage when cancelled in 1983. The LKS was a Chelomei design for a reusable manned winged spacecraft, similar to the later European Hermes spaceplane.
Although it reached the mock-up stage, in 1983 further development of the LKS was stopped.

The LKS consisted of a reusable winged spacecraft forward of an expendable payload section. Equipment or samples to be returned to the Earth would be moved to the payload bay of the LKS itself before re-entry using a remote manipulator arm. This arrangement was similar to that proposed later for the European Hermes spaceplane. The LKS itself had a shuttle-like configuration with double-delta wings, but twin canted horizontal stabilizers. It would be launched atop a Chelomei Proton booster.

Design was begun in 1975 and a draft project was completed in 1980. Kremlin politics again ensnared Chelomei and brought the project to a halt. In 1983 further development of the LKS was stopped. A group of unidentified saboteurs (possibly KGB) broke into the premises of NPO Mashinostroyeniye in early March 1991 and destroyed the mock-up. Chelomei was even subjected to criminal investigation for having engaged in design of the spacecraft without a specific enabling government decree.

From 1965 to 1975 Chelomei was kept out of Soviet spaceplane projects. But his enthusiasm for the Raketoplan concept never died, and covertly new variants were designed with revised layouts.

When studies of spaceplanes were initiated within the industry in 1975, Chelomei proposed to co-operate on the Buran project. But he could not agree to the selected design, which duplicated the dimensions of the US space shuttle. He proposed an alternative, a light spaceplane, which could be launched from a variety of platforms. The exiting Proton booster, Ekranoplan surface-effect aircraft, conventional aircraft, and land-based acceleration carts on rail were considered as launch platforms. Design approaches included jettisonable chassis and variable geometry wings. Chelomei collaborated with a long list of national institutes and design bureaus in these trade studies.

The selected LKS design solved a wide range of national military, scientific, and national economic problems. It could deliver functional payloads to orbit, monitor their functions during all stages of flight, and then return them to earth. It also represented an economical solution to resupply of orbital space stations with crews and supplies. The LKS was designed for air launch from a range of aircraft types. It also represented a quick response solution to the Soviet leadership's fears that the shuttle was being tested for the expressed purpose of a first nuclear strike on Moscow.

After thorough analyses of potential configurations, Chelomei selected variant 2 (awarded USSR patent 188442). This had a launch mass of 25 metric tons, including 4 to 5 metric tons of payload and 2 metric tons of maneuvering propellant. Maximum use was made of actual flight test data from the MP-1 and M-2 sub-scale Raketoplan vehicles flown in the early 1960's. Major spacecraft systems were off-the-shelf items developed for the Almaz / TKS space station (e.g. engine section, guidance elements, environmental control system, thermoregulation system, heat shield, reusable equipment). Two variants were proposed: an unmanned version, with a lifetime on orbit of one year, and a manned version with two to three crew, capable of ten days of operations in space.

The refined design was a tail-less lifting body with double-delta wings. The wing angle and form were optimized for aerodynamic braking at 50 km altitude, maneuvering from 50 to 15 km altitude, and high lift to drag on the landing approach. The wing-fuselage interface was blended to endure static and dynamic forces over a wide speed range. Two-part elevons were used for stabilization and maneuver at hypersonic velocity, and were sized for various angles of attack at supersonic speeds, subsonic cruise flight, and landing maneuver. The twin vertical surfaces were effective at all flight speeds. The trapezoidal form of the rudders provided maneuverability in transonic and subsonic flight.

The LKS was equipped with a liquid rocket engine which was used for orbital maneuver, braking from orbit, and control in the initial re-entry phase. It could also increase the speed of the spaceplane on the landing maneuver in case of a missed approach or undershoot. The payload bay could accommodate all foreseen return payloads. The glider was capable of a 2000 km cross-range and had a landing speed of 300 km/hour. Tricycle landing gear consisted of a nose wheel and cantilevered skid main gear.

The heat shield was certified for 100 re-entries. A completely novel approach dispensed with the cumbersome heat shield tiles used on Buran and the shuttle.

Chelomei's program plan envisioned launch of the first LKS within four years from go-ahead from existing Proton launch pads at Baikonur. In 1980 the 25 volume technical specification for the complete LKS system was completed, a full-size mock-up was built, and a 15 volume construction plan for a fleet of LKS orbiters was prepared. This was followed by a draft project for the complete RKK Proton-LKS system. Barmin's Spetsmash design bureau assisted in the system and ground facilities design. It has been said that the mock-up was built in one month and displayed to the military leadership in an attempt to get the Buran program cancelled.

In September 1983 a State Commission reviewed Chelomei's LKS on behalf of Minister of Defense V M Shabanov. The commission was headed by A P Aleksandrov of the Academy of Sciences and members included Ye A Fedoseyev (Minister of Electronic Industries), and G V Kisunko (General Designer Antiaircraft Systems).

Chelomei proposed use of LKS as a massive counter-response to the American Strategic Defense Initiative. 360 LKS launches would take place over four years, requiring 90 Proton launches per year. Each would deploy laser platforms that would provide the anti-ballistic missile force needed to defeat a US nuclear strike. Chelomei committed to the plenary session of the Commission that the first LKS could fly in two to three years.

But Shabanov and especially Kisunko were completely opposed to the LKS. They had staged the commission for the express purpose of burying Chelomei's proposal once and for all. Further development of the LKS was stopped. A group of unidentified saboteurs (possibly KGB) broke into the premises of NPO Mashinostroyeniye in early March 1991 and destroyed the mock-up.

Characteristics

Spacecraft delta v: 250 m/s (820 ft/sec).

AKA: Chelomei Space Interceptor;LKS.
Gross mass: 25,000 kg (55,000 lb).
Unfuelled mass: 23,000 kg (50,000 lb).
Payload: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb).
Height: 19.00 m (62.00 ft).
Span: 11.00 m (36.00 ft).

[ronatu]

An engineering model of what scientists at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) call the re-usable launch vehicle, is currently housed at a secure and secret facility in Kerala. Covered with special heat resistant tiles, soon it will roar skywards.


Read more at: http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/soon-india-to-have-its-own-space-shuttle-123239&cp

[Salo]

А он пилотируемый? :wink:

[ronatu]

А он пилотируемый? :wink:

пока нет. :wink:

[Dmitri]

Молодцы индусы.Изобретательно работают. Заболтав российских чиновников о пилотируемом полете, узнают все необходимое о технологиях для создания не пилотируемых космических кораблей,
а для выводa коммерческих спутников. Ранее они почти бесплатно узнали некоторые детали о криогеннои ступени и теперь ее имеют.Теперь им нужно знать как возвращать на землю полезные грузы. С миры по нитке, и у индусов и китайцев космические технологии.

[Salo]

http://www.parabolicarc.com/2012/01/02/indias-human-space-missions-slip-into-2020s-foreign-involvement-nixed/#more-33654

India's Human Space Missions Slip into 2020s, Foreign Involvement Nixed[/size]
Posted by Doug Messier
on January 2, 2012, at 5:55 am

India's plan to launch astronauts into space on its own appears to have slipped into the 2020s, while the possible involvement of foreign partners in the effort has been nixed.

On Friday, it was announced that ISRO had signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Indian Air Force (IAF) for the selection of astronauts beginning no earlier than 2020. In late January 2010, ISRO announced a $4.8 billion plan to launch astronauts aboard its own rocket and spacecraft in 2016.

The announcement of the MOU came from Lieutenant General H L Kakria, director general of the Army Medical Corps:

    "IAF has entered into an MoU with the ISRO for long term space research. ISRO has supplied it with lot of equipments and the provisional time for first selection is 2020 and the original thing is likely to take place much later," Kakria told reporters here.

    "ISRO has supplied IAF with equipments worth Rs 20 crore and it is in the process of setting up facility for selecting the persons who will participate in the mission," he said.

    Maintaining that the mission would be completely indigenous, Kakria said all equipment required for the project would be supplied by ISRO and there is no collaboration with any foreign company or country.

This last statement is quite significant. Several U.S. aerospace companies, most notably Boeing, have been exploring joint ventures with ISRO and the nation's aerospace sector following the lifting of U.S. sanctions against India last January.

Boeing has been exploring cooperation with India in cryogenic upper stage technology and in human spaceflight, including the development of equipment and components and possibly even the sale of its CST-100 human spacecraft for launch on Indian rockets. Those options would appear to be off the table based on Kakria's statement.

Kakria gave no reasons for either the delay or the decision to build a completely indigenous system. Indian reporters — true to form — don't seem to have asked about either issue, at least according to the few accounts I can find in India's English language media.[/size]

[Veganin]

Индусы хотят полететь в космос на 100% своей ракете и корабле, где даже кабели, резисторы и конденсаторы "made in India"  :roll: Это ж ждать придется лет 15-20 в лучшем случае, учитывая традиционную медлительность индийцев в решении государственных вопросов.
Китайцы успеют высадиться на Луне и каком-нибудь околоземном астероиде.
Россия за это время разработает лунный носитель :lol:

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На NSF завели топик "Indian Human Spaceflight Program"
http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=28405.0

http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=81367

Ministry of Science & Technology21-March, 2012 16:38 IST
Human Space Fight Program
Indian space research organization (ISRO) has initiated pre-project Research and Development activities focusing on critical technologies for Human Space Fight Program. The funds allocated towards this are to the tune of 145 crore rupees. The distribution of funds for the various technical activities are under the major heads, Crew Module System (61 crore rupees), Man rating of launch vehicle (27 crore rupees), study contracts with national and international institutions (36 crore rupees) and other activities like aerodynamics characterization and mission studies (21 crore rupees). This information was revealed by Minister of State in PMO Shri V Narayansamy in reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.

The Minister said that as part of the preparation of the Project Report of the Human Spaceflight Program, a study has been conducted on absorbing the program into the overall plans of ISRO without de-emphasizing other commitments.

DK/incorrect
(Release ID :81367)

 

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India Expects To Increase Space Spending in Year Ahead

BANGALORE, India — India expects to spend 67 billion rupees ($1.3 billion) on government space activities in the coming budget year — about 50 percent more than it ended up spending during the preceding 12 months, according to Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) spokesman S. Satish.

While ISRO was allotted 66 billion rupees for the 2011-2012 budget year now ending, the agency spent just over 44 billion rupees as a result of various projects getting off to a slower start than anticipated, Satish said.

India's spending plan for the coming year's space activities was outlined in budget documents Indian Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee delivered March 16 to parliament. India's 2012-2013 budget year begins April 1.

Nearly a third of India's space budget, or 23.1 rupees, will go to ISRO's launch vehicle program.

The second biggest budget allotment, 12.2 billion rupees, will go to the Indian National Satellite System, a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites hosting telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search and rescue payloads.

India's remaining space budget for the year ahead comprises:

    * 12 billion rupees for Satellite Technology;
    * 7.6 billion rupees for Space Applications;
    * 5.6 billion rupees for Launch Support, Tracking Network and Range Facility;
    * 4.72 billion rupees for Space Sciences;
    * 1.9 billion rupees for miscellaneous other program.

Some 1 billion rupees of the new funding will go to the Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology for training future ISRO scientists and engineers, and another 1.5 billion rupees is earmarked for the development of a semi-cryogenic engine that will burn kerosene fuel instead of liquid hydrogen.

The budget also includes 1.25 billion rupees for the Mars Orbiter Mission that ISRO intends to launch in November 2013 aboard India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.

The spacecraft will be placed in an orbit of 500 kilometers by 80,000 kilometers around Mars and will carry up to 25 kilograms of scientific payload, according to ISRO documents accompanying the budget presented to the Parliament.

India's space budget also includes funding for continued development of a follow on to the Chandrayan-1 lunar orbiter, which in mid-2009 shut down less than a year into its planned two-year mission. Chandrayan-2 is expected to launch during the 2013-2014 budget year, according to the documents.

India also plans to spend more than 600 million rupees for early work on a Crew Module System that the ISRO budget documents described as a "fully autonomous orbital vehicle" capable of carrying two or three crew members to a 275-kilometer orbit and return them safely to Earth. The Crew Module System is being funded as part of a broader 1.45 billion rupee investment in human spaceflight capabilities, Minister of State V. Narayanasamy told Parliament March 21. The program also includes 270 million rupees for man-rating India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, 360 million rupees for study contracts with national and international institutions and 210 million rupees for miscellaneous other activities, including aerodynamics research and mission studies.

India had planned to cap the current budget year, which ends March 31, with the launch of a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle carrying ISRO's first microwave remote sensing satellite, Risat, but that launch has slipped into April.

Three other Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle missions are planned through March 2013, including: launch of an Indo-French satellite dubbed Saral that will measure ocean wave heights; the first Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System spacecraft; and a commercial satellite.

ISRO plans to launch a total of seven regional navigation satellites to provide GPS-like services to a region extending up to 1,500 kilometers from India, Satish said.

http://www.spacenews.com/civil/120321-india-increase-space-spending.html

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http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=28405.msg915042#msg915042

ISRO orbital vehicle rendition. From the picture, the thermal protection system (TPS) of the OV is using silica tiles for the OV sides and carbon-carbon for the bottom. SRE uses similar TPS.

Whats the benefit of using silica rather than metallic TPS? Which other OV uses silica TPS?

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ISRO scientists praise Chinese space feat

Bangalore: India's top space scientists praised China's maiden mission of manned docking of its space lab even as New Delhi's own human space flight programme seems to have lost momentum.

"It's a wonderful thing that has happened," ex-Chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation, UR Rao said. "Essentially, they are making sure that they are going ahead systematically with manned mission programme".

China on Saturday launched its longest and heaviest rocket to sent its first woman astronaut in space as part of a three-member team to conduct its maiden manned docking of its space lab being built to rival Russia's Mir International Space Station.

Another former ISRO Chairman, G Madhavan Nair said China is marching forward in manned space programme with a lot of aggression.

ISRO first formally mooted the proposal on human space flight programme after about 80 senior scientists from across the country participated in a meeting to discuss the issues related to Indian manned space mission in 2006.

The country's premier space agency had carried studies for four years before that to examine the technological challenges of a manned space mission and its capability to undertake such a mission, estimated to cost around Rs 12,000 crore spread over eight years.

Back-to-back failure of India's Geosynchronous Space Launch Vehicle (GSLV) -- one with home-grown cryogenic engine and another Russian one -- in 2010, put brakes on India's proposed human space flight, which ISRO was eyeing in 2008-09 to undertake it in the 2015-16 time-frame.

ISRO officials in private now say they do not expect such a mission before 2020.

Rao, meanwhile, also said China's defence and space programmes have lot of synergy. "Their largest missile has a 13,000 km reach. They can practically reach anybody on the earth".

He said India has not started any manned mission programme at all. "We have to have much larger and much more powerful launch vehicle," Rao said.

Nair was more forthright. Despite the failure of twin GSLV missions, he said ISRO should have taken up the human space programme parallel with other space programmes.

"We had picked up momentum after the Chandrayaan mission. Precious three years have been lost. As far as India is concerned, we have missed a great opportunity. By this time, we would gone half-way through (if we started three years ago)," Nair said.

http://ibnlive.in.com/news/isro-scientists-praise-chinese-space-feat/266438-3.html

[LG]

Индия пока сама не решила что ей надо.

[Salo]

Да , Левон, ты был прав!

http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/asd_08_10_2012_p04-02-484951.xml

India's Human Spaceflight Mission Still In Limbo[/size]
By Jay Menon
Source: Aerospace Daily & Defense Report


August 10, 2012

NEW DELHI — India has started developing critical technologies for its human spaceflight mission, but the government still hasn't given final approval for the project.

The Indian Space Research Organization announced in 2007 that the country was planning a manned spaceflight, to be launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, near Chennai in southern India.

However, the government on Aug. 9 said it "has not yet taken up the human spaceflight program, estimated, initially, in the year 2009, at 124 billion rupees [$2.25 billion]."

Currently, "the government has taken up only development of a few critical technologies required for human spaceflight," a senior government official says.

The mission envisages sending a two-person crew in a 3-ton spacecraft to low Earth orbit for about a week. The rocket will be India's three-stage Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.

"Once the project gets the final approval it will take at least six to seven years for the launch," the official says. ISRO had initially hoped that it would be able to launch the mission in 2016.

According to observers, the huge cost and the recent twin failures of the homegrown GSLV could be the reasons for the delay in getting the final nod for the project. "The successful PSLV [Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle] rocket cannot be used for such a mission as it does not have capacity, and GSLV Mk.2 has a limitation that it can take only two persons," a scientist says. "GSLV Mk.3, which is under development, certainly can take three persons with some more space left."

The government pruned the budget allocation for the mission in India's current financial year, which ends March 31, 2013, to 600 million rupees from 980 million in 2011. With no clear road map and considering the cost, India is also weighing its options for collaborating on human spaceflight, the scientist says. "Continuous discussions on collaboration in manned space programs are under way globally, and we will decide on the right model at the right time," he says.

After ISRO's successful launch of the Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe in 2008, India is currently focusing on Mars. The federal government on Aug. 5 gave the go-ahead to launch a Mars orbiter in November 2013.[/size]