VOPROS K ZNATOKAM I REDAKCII "NK"

[Georgij]

Kto znaet podrobnosti o prolyote Evropy AMS "Galileo" 03.01. 2000 g, vys 351 km?
Na sajte NASA pochti nichego net:(
k redakcii: pochemu vy ne rasskazali podrobnostej prolyota?
Eto ved poslednij prolyot na ochen blizkom rasstoyanii

S uvazheniem

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This Week on Galileo
                         January 3-9, 2000

Galileo returns to Europa this week in its first post-GEM (Galileo Europa
Mission) encounter.  The first of the Galileo Millennium Mission, the
Europa flyby occurs on Galileo's 27th orbit around Jupiter since arrival at
the gas giant in December 1995.  The Galileo Europa Mission, a two-year
extension of Galileo's primary mission, began in December 1997 and was
comprised of 8 flybys of Europa, 4 flybys of Callisto and 2 flybys of Io.
The last flyby of Io occurred on November 25, 1999.  Galileo's time at
Jupiter has provided a wealth of science information about Jupiter and its
many moons.

The spacecraft is beginning to show the effects of 10 years in space and
dozens of passages through the radiation belts near Jupiter.  The
spacecraft is operating and returning valuable data, and the proposed
Galileo Millennium Mission will continue Galileo's work at Jupiter into the
next millennium.

Encounter commands for the Europa flyby began to execute late Saturday
night Pacific time.  The start of the encounter brought with it the
resumption of the Fields and Particles instruments' survey of Jupiter's
magnetosphere.  This survey has been performed from orbit to orbit and has
allowed scientists to study the long term variations of the inner portions
of Jupiter's magnetosphere.  Encounter activities continue through Friday
evening, January 7.

There are a relatively small number of observations associated with this
encounter.  This is due to a number of reasons, including having been
allocated less antenna time from the Deep Space Network than in the
previous two orbits, a decrease in Galileo's orbit period (allowing for
less time to prepare commands for the encounter), a desire to return data
recorded during the November encounter with Io, and the numerous activities
needed to ensure that Galileo's tour will continue at least through another
encounter with Io in February 2000.

The Europa flyby occurs on Monday, January 3 at 10:00 am PST.  Radio
signals indicating that the flyby has occurred, however, won't be received
on Earth until 39 minutes later, or 10:39 am PST.  The time difference is
due to the fact that the spacecraft is approximately 697 million kilometers
(433 million miles) from Earth and it will take radio signals just under 39
minutes to travel between the spacecraft and Earth.  The spacecraft flies
over Europa's surface at an altitude of 343 kilometers (213 miles).  That
is about the same altitude at which the Space Shuttle orbits around the
Earth!  During the week, two other flyby events are notable.  At 7:33 pm
PST (8:22 pm PST Earth receive) on Monday night, the spacecraft flies past
Jupiter's cloud tops at a distance of 4.8 Jupiter radii (343,000 kilometers
or 213,000 miles).  Three hours and 23 minutes later, the spacecraft makes
its closest approach to Io, at an altitude of 214,000 kilometers (133,000
miles) above Io's surface.

The first science activity of the encounter is conducted by the Radio
Science team here on Earth.  For 45 minutes on either side of the Europa
flyby, radio scientists will monitor Galileo's radio signal.  The Europa
flyby will take the spacecraft behind Europa as seen from Earth.  As that
occurs, Galileo's radio signal will pass through Europa's tenuous
atmosphere, will be weakened and slightly refracted until it is completely
blocked by Europa.  Signal strength and integrity are reestablished as
Galileo emerges from behind Europa.  The measurements made by the Radio
Science team will allow them to determine how the density of electrons in
Europa's atmosphere changes with altitude from Europa's surface.

Starting 30 minutes prior to closest approach to Europa, the Fields and
Particles instruments begin recording high resolution measurements of the
plasma, dust, and electric and magnetic fields surrounding Europa.  The
Fields and Particles instruments are comprised of the Dust Detector,
Energetic Particle Detector, Heavy Ion Counter, Magnetometer, Plasma
Detector, and Plasma Wave instrument.  The recording lasts a total of 60
minutes and its primary purpose is to determine if Europa has an induced
magnetic field.  Such a field signature would indicate the presence of a
conducting layer inside Europa, another piece of circumstantial evidence
that liquid water is present beneath Europa's surface.

Shortly following the Europa flyby, the spacecraft's Solid-State Imaging
camera (SSI) snaps a series of images of Europa.  The images are designed
to help fulfill three different objectives.  The first is to validate some
models that have been developed to explain the formation of sharp edge
ridges on Europa.  The second is to look at the ejecta surrounding a
multi-ring impact feature named Callanish in hopes of determining if the
impact penetrated into Europa's suspected sub-surface ocean.  The third
objective is to look at some blotchy-looking, or mottled, terrain in hopes
of seeing evidence of ice flows.

Toward the end of Monday, SSI turns its attention to three of Jupiter's
smaller moons.  SSI snaps an image of each of Amalthea, Thebe, and Metis.
These images will provide the best resolution views of these moons, almost
a factor of 2 better than the best previous images in the case of Amalthea
and Metis.  This increased resolution should aid scientists significantly
in evaluating the shape and surface conditions of these smaller moons.  Two
more observations are performed on Tuesday, January 4.  These take a look
at Io.  The first is performed by the Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
(NIMS) and captures a near-global observation of the hemisphere of Io that
contains the volcanic region of Loki.  SSI also snaps a color series of
images of this hemisphere.

Outbound from Jupiter, the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EUV) makes the
final observation of the encounter.  Scheduled to last just short of 44
hours starting on Wednesday, January 5, the observation is performed in
near-realtime, which means that the EUV data is not stored on the
spacecraft's tape recorder, but rather it is directly transmitted to Earth
after processing and packaging.  The observation takes a look at the Io
torus, a doughnut-shaped region with its inner edge bounded by Io's orbit.
It is a region of intense plasma and radiation activity, in which there are
strong magnetic and electric fields.  Similar observations have been
performed during Galileo's previous encounters, and the data set will allow
scientists to examine long term variations in the torus' size and shape,
with the goal of understanding energy transfer between the torus and the
overall Jovian magnetosphere.

The return of data stored on the spacecraft's onboard tape recorder is
initiated on Wednesday, January 5.  The data played back this week were
acquired during Galileo's November flyby of Io.  The Fields and Particles
instruments return portions of a 3-hour high resolution recording of the Io
plasma torus.  The recording gathered data from 6 Jupiter radii (429,000
kilometers or 267,000 miles) above Jupiter's cloud tops down to an altitude
of 5 Jupiter radii (357,000 kilometers or 222,000 miles), making it the
third deepest torus recording of Galileo's entire mission to date.  The
data acquired during the recording will be used to understand the structure
and dynamics of plasma, dust, and electric and magnetic fields in the torus
region.  The data will also be important for understanding the overall
dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere.

Data playback is interrupted twice this week.  On Wednesday, the spacecraft
performs a standard test on its attitude control gyroscopes, and a test to
slew its scan platform.  On Friday, the spacecraft performs a flight path
adjustment, if necessary.

For more information on the Galileo spacecraft and its mission to Jupiter,
pleae visit the Galileo home page at one of the following URL's:

http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo

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MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109. TELEPHONE (818) 354-5011
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov

                           Galileo Mission Status
                               January 3, 2000

       NASA's Galileo spacecraft has kicked off the new year with a
successful flyby of Jupiter's icy moon Europa. The spacecraft swooped past
Europa at an altitude of 351 kilometers (218 miles) today at 10:38 a.m.
Pacific Standard Time.

       The spacecraft is operating normally, and it appears that its
instruments have completed their observations of the magnetic fields and
charged particles around Europa. These observations were designed to detect
any magnetic disturbances that may occur because of electrical currents set
up in an ocean that may lie beneath Europa's icy crust. The prospect of a
liquid ocean on Europa is intriguing, since water is one of the ingredients
essential for life.

       Because Galileo passed behind Europa during the flyby, its radio
signal to Earth was blocked for a while. Scientists took advantage of this
situation by studying the way the radio signal changed as the spacecraft
entered this "silent zone." These radio science experiments teach us more
about Europa's ionosphere -- the region of charged particles surrounding the
moon -- and any possible atmosphere.

       Observations of three of Jupiter's small natural satellites --
Amalthea, Thebe, and Metis -- are planned for Galileo this evening, with
observations of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io on the spacecraft's agenda for
the early morning. All data gathered during this flyby are being stored on
Galileo's onboard tape recorder. They will be transmitted to Earth during
the coming weeks.

       Galileo has been orbiting Jupiter and its moons since December 1995,
beaming to Earth unprecedented images and other information. JPL, a division
of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, manages the Galileo
mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.

                                    #####

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This Week on Galileo
                       January 17-23, 2000

This week, Galileo's primary activity is the return of data from its
January 3rd flyby of Jupiter's icy moon Europa.  Early in the week, Galileo
completes it initial pass through data captured during its November passage
through the Io torus.  Data playback proceeds uninterrupted this week,
constrained only the the amount of time allocated to Galileo on the Deep
Space Network's 70-m (230-ft) diameter antennas.

...........................................................................

Next on the playback schedule is the return of portions of a high
resolution recording performed by the Fields and Particles instruments 30
minutes either side of closest approach to Europa.  The recording contains
measurements of the plasma, dust, and electric and magnetic fields
surrounding Europa.  The data contained in this observation will allow
scientists to further refine and interpret estimates of Europa's induced
magnetic field.  The presence of an induced field was detected in real time
data received from Galileo during the January 3rd flyby of Europa.  Such a
field signature indicates the presence of a conducting layer inside Europa,
yet another piece of circumstantial evidence that liquid water is present
beneath Europa's surface.  Real time data are not stored on the
spacecraft's tape recorder, but are directly transmitted to Earth after
processing and packaging.

Toward the end of the week, the spacecraft begins to return images of
Europa taken by the Solid-State Imaging camera (SSI) during the Europa
flyby.  The images are designed to fulfill three different objectives.  The
first is to validate models that have been developed to explain the
formation of sharp-edged ridges on Europa.  The second is to look at debris
surrounding a multi-ring impact feature named Callanish in hopes of
determining whether the impact broke through Europa's surface and
penetrated any sub-surface layers.  The third objective is to look at
mottled (or blotchy-looking) terrain in hopes of seeing evidence of ice
flows.

For more information on the Galileo spacecraft and its mission to Jupiter,
please visit the Galileo home page at one of the following URL's:

http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo

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malo infy! tak i ne ponyal kakie byli nablyudeniya, yasno chtoih bylo malo. Chto za idiotizm?

[ratman]

Какой вы сердитый и недовольный...

Все же написано:

Starting 30 minutes prior to closest approach to Europa, the Fields and Particles instruments begin recording high resolution measurements of the plasma, dust, and electric and magnetic fields surrounding Europa. The Fields and Particles instruments are comprised of the Dust Detector,
Energetic Particle Detector, Heavy Ion Counter, Magnetometer, Plasma
Detector, and Plasma Wave instrument. The recording lasts a total of 60
minutes and its primary purpose is to determine if Europa has an induced
magnetic field.

Результат:
> The presence of an induced field was detected

Shortly following the Europa flyby, the spacecraft's Solid-State Imaging
camera (SSI) snaps a series of images of Europa. The images are designed to help fulfill three different objectives. The first is to validate some models that have been developed to explain the formation of sharp edge ridges on Europa. The second is to look at the ejecta surrounding a
multi-ring impact feature named Callanish in hopes of determining if the
impact penetrated into Europa's suspected sub-surface ocean. The third
objective is to look at some blotchy-looking, or mottled, terrain in hopes
of seeing evidence of ice flows.

Результат:
> Toward the end of the week, the spacecraft begins to return images of
Europa taken by the Solid-State Imaging camera (SSI) during the Europa
flyby.

Я думаю, эти картинки лежат там же, где и все остальные...
http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/europa.cfm
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Europa

В целом:
> There are a relatively small number of observations associated with this
encounter. This is due to a number of reasons...

[Georgij]

:lol:
Nu spasibki i tem ne menee, kakie pribory krome SSI rabotali? Kakie obyekty podvergnuty syomki, skolko fotok vyshlo i glavnoe s kakim razresheniem?? Prolyot byl vsego 351 km! Mozhno bylo poluchit fotki s razrresheniem 5m! po moemu. Kstati mozhno obsudit vopros o kosvennyh priznakah sushestvovaniya okeana. Ya gde to vstretil svedeniya chto v 2h mestah voda izlivaetsya na poverhnost. Tak li eto.
Narod, davajte pobeseduem. Interesnejshaya ved tema. Vozmnozhno v nyom akuly vodyatsya:) :shock:
Pishite

[X]

трудно беседовать с человеком , который не читает постов других.
Там же написано

Because Galileo passed behind Europa during the flyby, its radio
signal to Earth was blocked for a while

Сигнал не был доступен для Земли.  Если посмотреть с Юпитера угол между Солнцем и Землей не превысит десятка градусов. То есть и с Солнца сигнал был недоступен . Процитированная фраза эквивалентна тому , что сближение пришлось на ночную сторону Европы.  Поэтому было залланировано так мало съемки и вся она пришлась на освещенный участок траектории, когда Галилей уже отлетал от спутника. Главный упор был на "Dust Detector, Energetic Particle Detector, Heavy Ion Counter, Magnetometer, Plasma Detector, and Plasma Wave instrument". Разумеется ни о каких 5 м/пиксел мечтать не приходится.  Да и что вы там собрались увидеть ?  Как " v 2h mestah voda izlivaetsya na poverhnost" ? Так температура этой самой поверхности 50-80 К , тут не то что вода , воздух замерзнет на лету.
 Единственное что там изливается - более теплый (по сравнению с окружающим) лед. Вот такая вот "магматическая" порода.  Она выносит на поверхность много красноватого материала - по спектру это сульфат магния.  Так что по всей видимости океан (соленый!) есть. Но врядли там есть жизнь. Слишком мало  источников энергии, чтобы зародиться даже микробам.

[X]

Spasibo, Gost.... A kak zhe pishut chto Evropa bolee blagopriyatnyj mir chem dazhe Mars? vnutri estestvenno.
A tak spasibo, nakonec to vsyo ponyal
S kakih hot rasstoyanij syomka taki byla? Net infy??
S anglijskim tugo:(
Eshyo raz spasibo

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krome togo, pochemu nelzya bylo issled¡ovat Evropu bez svyazi s Zemlyoj po programme, vsyo ravno tolko zapis vozmozhna....
vsyo taki ne yasno:(

[X]

(долго ругается нецензурными выражениями) Ну так он и исследовал !! Cписок приборов в предыдущем сообщении не видно чтоли ??!  Только сближение пришлось на ночную сторону ЕВРОПЫ и поэтому не было съемки. ТЕМНО ТАМ БЫЛО ! НИЧЕГО НЕ ВИДНО ! Основной результат этого сближения (мать его так) - спектры электронов в ионосфере Европы и показания магнитометра.  Снимков МАЛО было сделано и те издалека. И вообще. У Галилео через месяц после старта не раскрылась антенна до конца и максимальная скорость даунлинка была чуть ли не 10 байт в секунду.  А еще после первого же пролета через радиационные пояса Юпитера у зонда накрылось медным тазом записываюшее устройство.  Поэтому фотографии Европы и ИО добирались до Земли спустя МЕСЯЦЫ после фотографирования.   Поэтоиу так мало в сети фотографий юпитеровых лун (по сравнению  с объемами информации от марсоходов или Кассини)

[X]

Eto ya znayu!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ya voobshe personalnyj poklonnik "Galileo". nochnaya storona.... interesno bylo by provesti togda IK syomki NIMS i izmereniya temperatury priborom PPR.
Ya ne tak tup kak mozhet kazatsya prosto v teh voprosah lamer:) :roll:
kstati est li na Evrope "goryachie pyatna"? NK chto to ob etom ne pisal...
Kstati fotok ne tak uzh malo gde to videl cifru 14500 mvesto 50000 zaplanirovannyh.
Kstati max skorost ne 10 a 40 bit/sek.
Ochen rad tvoim otvetam.
Kstati ne podskazhesh perevodchik pokachestvenee??

Vsegda rad

[X]

Kstati ne podskazhesh perevodchik pokachestvenee??...Vsegda rad

ЕДНА АНТИЧНА ЛЕГЕНДА В КОСМОСА
Проф. Никола НИКОЛОВ


Сега най-често Европа се изрича в политиката. В изказвания на политици откриваме, че България е част от Европа, но въпреки това българи трудно допускат в много от западноевропейските страни, че страната ни ще бъде приета в Европейския съюз... Става дума за континента Европа. А списанието "Европа", което държите, се стреми да разкрие ценностите на този континент в миналото, днес и в бъдеще.

Името Европа обаче се е появило най-напред не в географията. То води началото си от древногръцката митология. Европа - се разказва в нея - била дъщеря на финикийския цар Агенор. Една утрин тя с дружките си беряла цветя на една полянка близо до брега на морето. Зърнал забавляващата се девойка владетелят на небето и Земята, властелинът на хората и боговете. Тутакси влюбчивото му сърце започнало да кърви, прободено от стрела на Ерос. За да не уплаши момичетата, но най-вече, за да не бъде забелязан от ревнивата си съпруга Хера, Зевс се преобразил в кротко теленце и легнал в краката на Европа. Тя започнала да го гали и неусетно се озовала на гърба му. Зевс това и чакал, бързо скочил на четирите си крака и хукнал към морето. Бичето зацепило морските вълни и скоро с Европа на гърба си Зевс доплувал до остров Крит. Там двамата се отдали на ласките си.

http://www.online.bg/euro2001/euro7-98/4br98f7.htm

[X]

http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1193052

[X]

Chto za fotka? Kogda byla sdelana?
Kstati v prolyote 03.01 dr. sputniki izuchalis??
Kakoe voobshe max razreshenie fotok Evropy? Ya videl 9 m.

[X]

Всем Гостям и просто любителям Европы посвящается
Как показало независимое расследование 3 января 2000 года было сделано 13 снимков спутника.  Снимки были на отлете с расстояния 6-15 тыщ км после выхода из тени.  Разрешение хреновое - 100-200 м/пкс
попробуйте тут чего-нибудь разобрать


Но не все так плохо.
Снимки с 9 метровым разрешением существуют. Целых 2.

(А тута покрупнее)
вот например это сделано 16 декабря 1997 года с расстояния 954  км. Ну что тут сказать . Афигенно много мелких  кратеров. При большом увеличении их становится еще больше. Определенно возраст поверхности Европы исчисляется десятками миллионов лет.

Тут еще про НИМС поминали. вещь конечно хорошая, но надо быть 7 пядей во лбу чтоб понимать что значат эти разноцветные картинки

[Georgij]

Nu spasibo, drug. hot chto to.
otkuda infu cherpal??
I pochemu nash lyubimyj NK proignoriroval etot prolyot?
Vsego 2 s razr 9m/piksel? Ne veryu! Blizkih prolyotov bylo bolshe!
mozhet tolko 2 v inete? Vsego polucheno 14500 snimkov sys Jupitera
Voobshe ya by ne protiv obsuzhdeniya itogov expedicii na forume.

Kstati est horoshij russkoyazychnyj sajt posveshyonnyj AMS?
kstati o prolyote 03.01 nochnyyu storonu interesno ispolzovat s pomoshyu PPR! voobshe najdeny li goryachie pyatna na Evrope??
I gde ty nashyol takuyu infu? mozhet est gde raspisana rabota kazhdogo pribora pri sblizheniyah??

S uvazheniem

[X]

vopros tipa oprosa:
kakoe HA vy by ustanovili na JIMO.

MOJ VARIANT

1. pribory dlya ussl polej i chastic
2. TB kamera dlya syomki v vidimom i IK izluchenii razr s rab orbity 100,20 i 5 m
3. TB kamera dlya syomki v vidimyh i UF luchah razr 1 km i 100 m
4. 2 IK spektrometra vysokogo spektralnogo razresheniya na diapazon 2-5 i 5-40 mkm
5. 2 IK spektrometra prostr razresheniem 50 m na diapazon 0.8-1,2 i 1-3,5 mkm
6. Fotopolyarimetr
7. Ik radiometr
8 UF spektrometr
9 Gamma spektrometr
10 Nejtronnyj spektrometr
11 nizkochastotnyj radar
12 spektrometr krajnego UF izlucheniya
13 mass-spektrometr mejtralnyh atomov

[X]

ku. ku, narod

[МиГ-31]

http://www.translit.ru/