Гаганьян ( Gaganyaan )

[SpaceR]

Тогда данные о диаметра СА в 3 метра являются сильно преувеличины  

При стартовой массе корабля около 5 тонн получить СА диаметром 3 метра и массой порядка 4,2- 4,0 тонны не так уж и сложно. БО в составе корабля нет, на ПАО остается 0,8-1,0 т (конструкция +топливо+оборудование), или что-то здесь не так?

Имхо в одну тонну всё, что необходимо иметь в БО пилотируемого корабля, не вместить - особенно государству, у которого это ПЕРВЫЙ корабль.
У меня гораздо больше смущения вызывает масса ПГ 5 т. Эта цифра дана у Марка Вэйда, но нет ли тут ошибки? Такой ПГ для 400-тонной трехступенчатой РН, да ещё с водородом на последней ступени, недопустимо низкий.
Так что я подозреваю, что индийский КК весит более 5 тонн. И, кстати, водородная ступень на РН ему в принципе не нужна.

[ronatu]

GSLV-Mk2

The GSLV Mk-1 launcher uses Russian cryo stage. India paid Glavkomos to develop the technology for cryogenic LOX/LH2 engine that is also the first Russia LOX/LH2 engine. ISRO took up the CUSP (Cryogenic Upper Stage Project) challenge after the United States illegally arm-twisted Russia in April 1992 and July 1993 not to sell the cryogenic technology know-how to India[76]. The U.S. falsly claimed that the sale would violate the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) guidelines since cryogenic technology could be used to propel missiles. Russia, however, agreed to sell seven cryogenic stages and a ground mock-up stage instead of the stipulated five stages and technology.

India didn't seriously embark on the development of either cryogenic or semi-cryogenic engines, though it came very close to sustaining such programs in the early 1970s. For their initial experiments, ISRO scientists worked to build an engine using liquid oxygen (LOX) and kerosene [77]. When India was collaborating closely with SAP in France in the development of a liquid propulsion engine, France appeared to have offered to share its knowledge of HM7 cryogenic engine for a very nominal amount. Again, because of its perceived and overwhelming commitment to the development of VIKAS engine, India appeared to have allowed that offer to lapse. Later ISRO began work on the development of a cryogenic engine in the 1980s when it tested a single element injector generating 60 kg thrust. A one-tonne subscale engine was also realized and tested up to 600 seconds. With this, development of the cryogenic engine for use in the GSLV was initiated in 1994.

Indigenous CUSP (cryogenic upper stage program) with larger fuel capacity (variously reported from 15 tonne[80] to 25 tonne [81 ,82]) and uprated thrust of 9.5 tonne [83] instead of Russian 12KRB's 12.5 tonne propellant and 7.5 tonne thrust. For the 15 tonne stage increased thrust shall be applied during initial 300 seconds after which thrust will revert back to standard 7.5 tonne [84](the last two KRB stages procured from Russia will likely be such 15 tonne stage, that would be approx 1.3m longer). The Indian CUSP reached a milestone when it successfully ran for 1000 seconds [85] on September 14, 2002 at full 9.5 tonne thrust [86], indicating ISRO's CUSP program is geared to realize C20 stage.

The fourth generation INSAT-4 satellites series (7 satellites) has been configured primarily to make use of planned availability of GSLV-Mk II. Due to schedule expediency INSAT-4A will be launched on Ariana.

LEO Payload: 6,200kg

http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/SPACE/space-launchers-gslv.html#gslvmk2

[Patron]

Имхо в одну тонну всё, что необходимо иметь в БО пилотируемого корабля, не вместить - особенно государству, у которого это ПЕРВЫЙ корабль...

Если речь идет о массе (и объеме, конечно же) СОЖ, то 1 тонна - это многовато. Первый полет, скорее всего, будет непродолжительным по времени (несколько витков, максимум сутки). Что касается значения стартовой массы корабля  в 5 т, согласен, здесь все в прижим, но задача-то неординарная для ПЕРВОГО раза.

[SpaceR]

Прошу прощения - ошибся. Имелся в виду конечно же ПАО.

[ronatu]

Власти Индии одобрили план запуска в космос гаганавта к 2015 году
 
Власти Индии одобрили план Индийского космического агентства (ISRO) по запуску астронавтов (на санскрите индийские астронавты называются неологизмом "гаганавты") в космос к 2015 году, пишет газета The Times. Стоимость проекта составляет 2,4 миллиарда долларов.

Индийское космическое агентство намерено запустить на орбиту высотой 275 километров двух человек. Длительность полета должна составить семь дней.

Комиссия по планированию бюджета Индии одобрила план в пятницу, 20 февраля. Окончательно план должен утвердить парламент, однако, по словам представителя ISRO, это будет лишь формальностью.

22 октября 2008 года Индия присоединилась к узкому кругу государств, своими силами запустивших исследовательские аппараты к Луне. Индийский зонд "Чандраян-1" исследует топографические, минералогические и химические характеристики лунной поверхности.

Власти Индии выделяют космические исследования в качестве приоритетного направления: в середине февраля бюджет ISRO был увеличен на 27 процентов. В 2009 году агентству будет выделено 4,5 миллиарда рупий (около 400 тысяч долларов США). В ближайших планах Индии значится запуск второго лунного зонда в 2012 году.

Критики новой инициативы отмечают, что в стране, где 76 процентов населения имеет ежедневный доход менее 2 долларов в день, тратить такие огромные деньги на освоение космоса неразумно.


Ссылки по теме:
- India approves

[frigate]

GSLV-Mk2 LEO Payload: 6,200kg

Эта величина такая же "средне-потолочная" как и 5 тонн у Вэйда - все миссии GLSV оптимизированы на GTO.  8)

[Alex_II]

ronatu, у вас там небольшая ошибка в цитате. На самом деле должно быть так:

В 2009 году агентству будет выделено 4,5 миллиарда рупий (около 90 миллионов долларов США).

А критики малость повеселили... "Огромные деньги" - 2,5млрд.$... Для Индии - капля в море - если размазать даже по беднейшей части населения - заметят сие действо только те, кто размазывал... За остальных - не поручусь... Правильно индусы решили, что на такую мелочь - лучше КК сделать  :wink:

[Patron]

Прошу прощения - ошибся. Имелся в виду конечно же ПАО.

Согласен, что 1000 кг на ПАО - слишком прижимисто, но без риска такую задачку не решить. Настораживает, что собрались 7 суток без БО пролетать в первом полете - вот здесь есть сомнения.

[zyxman]

Настораживает, что собрались 7 суток без БО пролетать в первом полете - вот здесь есть сомнения.

Отправят в космос йогов

[ronatu]

India has earmarked more than $2.5bn to launch its own manned space flight and join the elite club of the US, China and Russia.

India's planning commission has set aside the cash to finance preparations.

A spokesman for the Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) welcomed the news.

If, as widely expected, the cabinet approves the plan, India could operate its first two-man space mission within a few years.

'Challenges'

Only the US, Russia and China can currently put their own astronauts into space using their own spacecraft.

India's dream is expensive and the planning commission, chaired by India's prime minister, has agreed to hand over billions of dollars to make it happen.

Officials at Isro feel that they are now a big step closer to getting manned missions off the ground.

Spokesman S Satish said: "The target launch date is around 2015, wherein we plan to put two astronauts in a lower orbit for about a week's duration.

"And we have to establish a facility for training the astronaut, then we have to build a human space capsule - so these are some of the major technological challenges."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7906647.stm

[ronatu]

The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) proposes to put two people into orbit 171 miles above the Earth for seven days – a plan that has been endorsed by the country's top economic policymaking body, the Planning Commission.

"Isro has done an expert job and it needs to be supported," said Montek Singh Ahluwalia, deputy chairman of the Planning Commission. The Human Space Flight project is to have two phases: an unmanned flight launched in 2013-2014 and a manned mission the following year.

The Indian cabinet still has to approve the plan but S Satish, a spokesman for Isro, said the support of the Planning Commission "was a major step forward".

If the country succeeded, it would become only the fourth – after the US, Russia and China – to send a man into space. But India is not the only Asian country in the new space race – Iran recently announced that it will attempt a manned space flight by 2021.

There is little doubt about India's sense of purpose. Earlier this month, Isro's chairman, Madhavan Nair, unveiled blueprints at an international aeronautical show in Bangalore for the three-tonne space capsule, which would have enough room for a three-person crew.

India is also setting up a training centre for astronauts in the south of the country – and demonstrated it could launch and recover a space capsule that splashed down in the Bay of Bengal in January 2007.

The new mission will not be entirely homegrown. Moscow will help to build the astronaut capsule and select and train the astronauts. An Indian astronaut will also get a "trial run" abroad a Russian Soyuz spacecraft in 2013. They will be the second Indian in space after Rakesh Sharma, who was part of a joint space programme between India and Russia in 1984.

Analysts have also warned India that it would need to initiate a review of its space programmes, which are primarily civilian in nature, given "the military character and military functions" of China's space programme. Richard Fischer Jr, a senior fellow at Washington's International Assessment and Strategy Centre, told an audience last week in Delhi that India needed to develop new technologies to counter China's growing space power.

The decision to send astronauts into space follows the successful launch last October of India's first unmanned lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1, which signalled entry into an elite club of nations that have reached the moon. However, some experts have criticised the move, saying space agencies in wealthier parts of the world have eschewed putting man into space.

Gopal Raj, author of Reach for the Stars, a book about the country's rocket programme, said: "This smacks of Isro looking to keep up with China. It's becoming a national prestige issue. I am not sure what you get from astronauts in space. Even the Europeans, who are much richer, have not got manned space flight programmes."

However, Isro says such talk underestimates India's final goals. "We are not doing this because of China [which launched astronauts into space in 2003]. We want to get beyond the moon, which we see as just an intermediate base in the future. For this, you need humans; robots will not be enough."

Others have warned that Isro's budget is expanding at a time when the country faces both an economic slowdown and widespread poverty. An estimated 40% of the world's severely malnourished children live in India, and more than 800 million people live on half a dollar a day in the country.

Isro's budget last week was boosted by 27% to 44.6bn rupees (

[SpaceR]

Настораживает, что собрались 7 суток без БО пролетать в первом полете - вот здесь есть сомнения.

Да никаких сомнений!     В своё время двое американцев на тесном Джемини провели на орбите 14 суток.

[ronatu]

The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) proposes to put two people into orbit 171 miles above the Earth for seven days – a plan that has been endorsed by the country's top economic policymaking body, the Planning Commission.

"Isro has done an expert job and it needs to be supported," said Montek Singh Ahluwalia, deputy chairman of the Planning Commission. The Human Space Flight project is to have two phases: an unmanned flight launched in 2013-2014 and a manned mission the following year.

The Indian cabinet still has to approve the plan but S Satish, a spokesman for Isro, said the support of the Planning Commission "was a major step forward".

If the country succeeded, it would become only the fourth – after the US, Russia and China – to send a man into space. But India is not the only Asian country in the new space race – Iran recently announced that it will attempt a manned space flight by 2021.

There is little doubt about India's sense of purpose. Earlier this month, Isro's chairman, Madhavan Nair, unveiled blueprints at an international aeronautical show in Bangalore for the three-tonne space capsule, which would have enough room for a three-person crew.

India is also setting up a training centre for astronauts in the south of the country – and demonstrated it could launch and recover a space capsule that splashed down in the Bay of Bengal in January 2007.

The new mission will not be entirely homegrown. Moscow will help to build the astronaut capsule and select and train the astronauts. An Indian astronaut will also get a "trial run" abroad a Russian Soyuz spacecraft in 2013. They will be the second Indian in space after Rakesh Sharma, who was part of a joint space programme between India and Russia in 1984.

Analysts have also warned India that it would need to initiate a review of its space programmes, which are primarily civilian in nature, given "the military character and military functions" of China's space programme. Richard Fischer Jr, a senior fellow at Washington's International Assessment and Strategy Centre, told an audience last week in Delhi that India needed to develop new technologies to counter China's growing space power.

The decision to send astronauts into space follows the successful launch last October of India's first unmanned lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1, which signalled entry into an elite club of nations that have reached the moon. However, some experts have criticised the move, saying space agencies in wealthier parts of the world have eschewed putting man into space.

Gopal Raj, author of Reach for the Stars, a book about the country's rocket programme, said: "This smacks of Isro looking to keep up with China. It's becoming a national prestige issue. I am not sure what you get from astronauts in space. Even the Europeans, who are much richer, have not got manned space flight programmes."

However, Isro says such talk underestimates India's final goals. "We are not doing this because of China [which launched astronauts into space in 2003]. We want to get beyond the moon, which we see as just an intermediate base in the future. For this, you need humans; robots will not be enough."

Others have warned that Isro's budget is expanding at a time when the country faces both an economic slowdown and widespread poverty. An estimated 40% of the world's severely malnourished children live in India, and more than 800 million people live on half a dollar a day in the country.

Isro's budget last week was boosted by 27% to 44.6bn rupees (

[frigate]

India's Cryogenic Engine Set For Integration With Rocket

The indigenous cryogenic engine develops a thrust of 73 kilo Newtons (kN) in vacuum with a specific impulse of 454 seconds and provides a payload capability of 2200 Kg to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) for GSLV.

The engine works on 'Staged Combustion Cycle' with an integrated turbopump running at around 42,000 rotations per minute (rpm). It is also equipped with two steering engines developing a thrust of 2 kN each to enable three-axis control of the launch vehicle during the mission.

Another unique feature of this engine is the closed loop control of both thrust and mixture ratio, which ensures optimum propellant utilisation for the mission.

The cryogenic engine is now in the process of being integrated with propellant tanks, stage structures and associated feed lines.

[Гуманоид]

Прошу прощения - ошибся. Имелся в виду конечно же ПАО.

Согласен, что 1000 кг на ПАО - слишком прижимисто, но без риска такую задачку не решить. Настораживает, что собрались 7 суток без БО пролетать в первом полете - вот здесь есть сомнения.

Скажем так - то что там нарисовано в 1000кг не влезут никаким образом - нарисовано на 3-4т.

[Patron]

...Скажем так - то что там нарисовано в 1000кг не влезут никаким образом - нарисовано на 3-4т.

Можно грубо "прикинуть на пальцах" на примере КК "Союз ТМА": СА+БО=4200 кг; ПхО+ПО+АО=3000 кг. Вычтем заправку 880, получим массу ПхО+ПО+АО=2120. "Перекинем" борт из ПО в СА (объем-то позволяет!). Снизим заправку до 300...350 кг - не к станции полет-то. Так что "грубо" уложиться в 1,5 т можно.

[Asug]

в итоге все-таки решили лететь на Союзе

Первый самостоятельный полет индийских астронавтов на орбиту может состояться на российском космическом корабле. О такой возможности заявил глава Индийского космического агентства (ISRO) Мадхаван Наир (Madhavan Nair) во время своего визита в Москву. Слова Наира цитирует пресс-служба Роскосмоса.

Собственно визит Мадхавана Наира в Москву был посвящен работе над российско-индийской космической программой. Соглашение о совместной работе над ней было подписано руководителями ISRO и Роскосмоса 5 ноября 2007 года.

[Bell]

- У нас рассматривается вопрос о запуске человека в космос, – продолжал Мадхаван Наир. В России есть огромный опыт пилотируемых программ. Мы надеемся, что Россия примет участие в индийской пилотируемой программе. Мы планируем, что первый полет индийские космонавты совершат на российском космическом корабле, а потом это будут индийские корабли, которые мы будем выводить в космос нашей ракетой-носителем с индийского космодрома.

Что-то мне подсказывает, что индийский ПКК будет очень похож на Союз
Не спроста приезжала такая большая индийская делегация...

[zyxman]

Что-то мне подсказывает, что индийский ПКК будет очень похож на Союз
Не спроста приезжала такая большая индийская делегация...

Увезли с собой по запчастям?

[ronatu]

India plans to test space shuttle in next 12 months

India has developed a space shuttle and plans to launch a prototype into the Earth's orbit in the next 12 months, officials said on Thursday.

By Dean Nelson in New Delhi
Last Updated: 6:36PM BST 02 Apr 2009

The disclosure marks yet another giant leap for India's space programme following last year's successful lunar mission, Chandrayaan 1, and a significant step towards India becoming a major player in space transportation.

It hopes the shuttle will enable India to offer cut-price satellite launches and become a dominant player in the industry. Last night officials said if successful the shuttle may, in time, be used for other transport uses, but its main purpose now is to "reduce the cost of access to space."

Scientists at the Indian Space Research Organisation successfully tested the booster rocket which will fire the shuttle into space in December last year.

The Indian shuttle, currently known by its technical name, Reusable Launch Vehicle – Technology Demonstrator – will now undergo a number of structure and load tests before it takes its first test flight early next year.

It bears a strong resemblance to the American Challenger shuttle, with a tube-shaped body and triangular wings, and sits vertically, nose up, on top of its launch rocket.

ISRO spokesman Mr S. Satish on Thursday night said that, if successful, the demonstrator would "prove the technology for the development of a space shuttle," but it would be a further four or five years before the country would be ready for a commercial launch.

Next year's test flight, which will be unmanned and remote-controlled, will take off from a test site in southern India, blasting beyond the Earth's atmosphere into space before it re-enters and lands in the Indian Ocean.

The flight will test the aerodynamics of the shuttle, the remote control system and its ability to withstand the heat generated when it re-enters the Earth's atmosphere.

"The cost of access to space has to be reduced, and this [test-flight] will prove India can build a space shuttle within four or five years," said Mr Satish.
.....

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/space/5095909/India-plans-to-test-space-shuttle-in-next-12-months.html