CST-100

[tnt22]

Christopher Ferguson‏Подлинная учетная запись @Astro_Ferg 21 авг.

Soft landing needed....Shortly before landing, the #Starliner drops the heat shield that protected us from re-entry heating. This exposes airbags which inflate to cushion the final touchdown. This is how we drop-test it. Our @BoeingSpace engineers are awesome!


(video 0:04)

[tnt22]

ULA‏Подлинная учетная запись @ulalaunch 14 ч. назад

The #AtlasV Starliner builds on our solid history of success and incorporates new technologies designed for crew safety. Unique to #Starliner are the dual-engine Centaur, launch vehicle adapter and aeroskirt, and emergency detection system @BoeingSpace
#teamstarliner

[tnt22]

Commercial Crew: The Spacecraft

NASAKennedy

Опубликовано: 23 авг. 2018 г.

Look inside Boeing's Starliner and SpaceX's Crew Dragon, the commercial spacecraft that will fly astronauts from the U.S. to the International Space Station for the first time since 2011.

(1:39)

[tnt22]

Johnson Space Center‏Подлинная учетная запись @NASA_Johnson 22 авг.

.@Commercial_Crew astronaut training is in full swing! @astro_josh and @Astro_Ferg undergo water survival training at our Neutral Buoyancy Lab.

Спойлер

[свернуть]

[tnt22]

Jeff Foust‏ @jeff_foust 16 мин. назад

Kathy Lueders: will make the call next summer about turning Boeing Starliner crewed flight test into a longer-duration crew rotation mission. Chris Ferguson has started ISS crew training to prepare for that option.

[tnt22]

Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight 4 мин. назад

ARTICLE: NAC provides Starliner, Dragon 2 update – Commercial Crew preps entering final leg to launch -

https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/08/nac-starliner-dragon-2-preps-final-leg-launch/ ...

- By Michael Baylor (@nextspaceflight) (Includes renders by Nathan Koga (@kogavfx) for NSF)

Спойлер

[свернуть]

[tnt22]

Commercial Crew: The Flight Test
Доступ по ссылке

NASAKennedy

Дата загрузки: 30 авг. 2018 г.

(2:06)

[tnt22]

https://tass.ru/kosmos/5519911

4 СЕН, 08:36
....

О конкуренте

Ранее NASA назвало имена астронавтов, которые первыми совершат полеты на космических кораблях Dragon и CTS-100 Starliner. Как сообщил директор ведомства Джим Брайденстайн, создаваемый корпорацией Boeing CTS-100 Starliner будут первыми пилотировать Эрик Боу и Крис Фергюсон, ранее уже совершавшие полеты на кораблях Space Shuttle, а также Николь Амапу-Манн, для которой предстоящий полет будет первым. Первый регулярный полет к МКС на корабле Starliner совершат Джон Кассада и Сунита Уильямс, а на Dragon - Майкл Хопкинс и Виктор Гловер.

Первый непилотируемый полет космического корабля производства Boeing, как ожидается, состоится не ранее конца нынешнего или начала будущего года в связи с проблемами, выявленными в ходе испытаний двигателей для аварийного прекращения полета. Как сообщал интернет-портал Space.com со ссылкой на вице-президента корпорации Джона Малхолланда, пилотируемый полет может состояться в середине 2019 года.

[tnt22]

Tory Bruno‏Подлинная учетная запись @torybruno 1 ч. назад

The OFT CST-100 #Starliner Booster is nearing completion and will be headed to the Cape soon!
@Commercial_Crew ⁦@BoeingSpace⁩

[tnt22]

Commercial Crew: Astronaut Flight Prep

NASAKennedy

Опубликовано: 13 сент. 2018 г.

From trying on spacesuits to preparing for potential emergencies, see how astronauts are getting ready to fly on the test flights and first missions of Boeing's Starliner and SpaceX's Crew Dragon.

(1:51)

[tnt22]

Commercial Crew: Supporting Critical Research

NASAKennedy

Опубликовано: 26 сент. 2018 г.

Boeing and SpaceX are getting ready to launch astronauts from U.S. soil, but getting off the ground is just the beginning. Once they arrive at the International Space Station, astronauts will be working on research to improve life on Earth, and help us send humans into deep space—farther than ever before.

(2:05)

[tnt22]

https://spacenews.com/first-spacex-commercial-crew-flight-test-could-slip-to-2019/

First SpaceX commercial crew test flight could slip to 2019
by Jeff Foust — October 3, 2018

BREMEN, Germany — A SpaceX executive said Oct. 3 that the company's first commercial crew test flight could be delayed until early 2019 because of paperwork issues.

Спойлер

In a speech at the 69th International Astronautical Congress here, Hans Koenigsmann, vice president of build and flight reliability for SpaceX, said launching an uncrewed test flight before the end of the year will be a "close call" even though the hardware itself should be ready.

"We're working hard to get this done this year," he said. "The hardware might be ready, but we might still have to do some paperwork on the certification side of it. It's going to be a close call whether we fly this year or not."

When NASA announced revised commercial crew test flight schedules in early August, SpaceX planned to launch an uncrewed flight of its Crew Dragon vehicle in November, followed by a crewed test flight in April 2019. Those dates represented the latest in a series of delays experienced by both SpaceX and Boeing, the other company with a NASA commercial crew contract, in recent years.

However, during a Sept. 17 presentation about SpaceX's plans to fly its much larger Big Falcon Rocket on a trip around the moon, company founder and chief executive Elon Musk suggested that the schedule has already slipped again.

"We're hoping to do a test flight of Dragon 2 in December, and then a crewed flight next year, hopefully in the second quarter of next year," he said. Company officials declined to comment at the time on that schedule, other than to say that SpaceX is "working closely with NASA to find the right dates."

[свернуть]

The revised Boeing schedule announced in early August called for an uncrewed flight of its CST-100 Starliner late this year or early next year followed by a crewed test flight in the middle of 2019. "That's exactly where we are," said Chris Ferguson, crew and mission operations director for the Starliner program at Boeing, during an Oct. 2 briefing here.

He declined, though, to say when Boeing would provide more specific dates for those missions, noting he has been in flight training. NASA announced Aug. 3 that Ferguson, a former NASA astronaut, would be on the crewed Starliner test flight, along with NASA astronauts Eric Boe and Nicole Aunapu Mann.

That training, he said later, has included both that related to flying the Starliner spacecraft as well as training related to the International Space Station. The latter is needed should NASA decide to extend the crewed flight test from its original duration of about two weeks to as long as six months, as a contingency in the event further commercial crew delays jeopardize access to the ISS, as NASA's use of Soyuz seats will end in early 2020.

"The lion's share of what we're doing right now is preparing some of the non-perishable training, putting some of that under our belts," he said. That includes medical and "light ISS systems work" as well as, for Boe and Mann, spacewalk training.

Ferguson said he expects NASA to make a decision on extending the Starliner crewed test flight by next spring. "We're certainly on track to fly mid-next year if called upon," he said. "I think NASA would like to make a short-/long-term decision sometime around March of next year on how long we will actually end up staying."

[tnt22]

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/launch-dates-to-be-updated-more-regularly-as-commercial-crew-flights-draw-nearer

Oct. 4, 2018

Launch Dates to be Updated More Regularly as Commercial Crew Flights Draw Nearer



As NASA's Commercial Crew partners Boeing and SpaceX crew transportation systems are within months of being ready for the first test flights of their spacecraft that will carry astronauts to and from the International Space Station from U.S. soil, the scheduling of launch dates enters a new phase. 

This near-term scheduling balances the commercial partners' readiness with NASA and the International Space Station's schedule and the availability of the Eastern Range to establish a target launch date. NASA plans to provide up-to-date launch planning dates on the Commercial Crew blog, which will be updated approximately monthly, with near-term launches also appearing on NASA's launches and landing schedule.

"As we get closer to launching human spacecraft from the U.S., we can be more precise in our schedules," said Phil McAlister, director of Commercial Spaceflight Development at NASA Headquarters. "This allows our technical teams to work efficiently toward the most up-to-date schedules, while allowing us to provide regular updates publicly on the progress of our commercial crew partners."

SpaceX and the Commercial Crew Program are working together to have the hardware and associated activities ready for its first test flight – Demo-1 – in December 2018, but the launch will occur in January to accommodate docking opportunities at the orbiting laboratory. Boeing's targeted readiness for its Orbital Flight Test is March 2019. Both test flights will be uncrewed missions.

NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley are training to fly on SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission, with a planning date of June 2019. NASA astronauts Eric Boe and Nicole Aunapu Mann and Boeing astronaut Chris Ferguson are slated for Boeing's Crew Flight Test targeted for August 2019.

As with all human spaceflight development, learning from each test and adjusting as necessary to reduce risk to the crew may override targeted launch dates.

"This new process for reporting our schedule is better; nevertheless, launch dates will still have some uncertainty, and we anticipate they may change as we get closer to launch," McAlister said. "These are new spacecraft, and the engineering teams have a lot of work to do before the systems will be ready to fly."

Following the test flights, NASA will review the performance data and resolve issues as necessary to certify the systems for operational missions. The readiness date for the first long-duration Expedition crew mission is targeted for August 2019 and a second mission is targeted in December 2019, with the specific spacecraft yet to be determined.

Boeing and SpaceX have made significant strides in the development and operation of a new generation of spacecraft and launch systems in partnership with NASA's Commercial Crew Program. This public-private partnership marks the beginning of a new era of human spaceflight to design, develop, and test their systems to ensure safe, reliable and cost-effective commercial transportation for astronauts to low-Earth orbit. The success of these human spaceflight systems will be an unprecedented achievement for the commercial space industry and will enable NASA to focus on deep space exploration with NASA's Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System, as we return humans to the Moon and on to Mars.

Last Updated: Oct. 4, 2018
Editor: Anna Heiney

[axxenm]

очередные обещалки по тестовому беспилотному пуску
крюша январь 2019
стс-100 - март 2019

[triage]

https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/360-video-inside-boeing-s-starliner-space-capsule-ncna914856

360 Video: Inside Boeing's Starliner Capsule | Mach | NBC News
NBC News Опубликовано: 28 сент. 2018 г.
Step inside a mockup of the spacecraft that will ferry astronauts to the International Space Station.

 

[tnt22]

Commercial Crew: Dawn of a New Space Age

NASAKennedy

Опубликовано: 10 окт. 2018 г.

One day, space travel won't be just for government astronauts. NASA is nurturing private industry to usher in a new era of commercial space, where exponential growth is poised to take flight.

(1:51)

[tnt22]

https://tass.ru/kosmos/5670092

12 ОКТ, 19:13
СМИ: график пусков новых американских кораблей к МКС может быть скорректирован

По информации портала Space News, члены консультативной группы NASA выразили сомнения в том, что SpaceX и Boeing смогут выдержать нынешний график создания коммерческих транспортных систем

НЬЮ-ЙОРК, 12 октября. /ТАСС/. График полетов новых американских космических кораблей к Международной космической станции (МКС) может быть скорректирован с учетом усиления требований к безопасности после аварии российской ракеты-носителя "Союз-ФГ". Об этом сообщил в пятницу интернет-портал Space News со ссылкой на участников заседания Консультативной группы NASA по вопросам безопасности полетов.

Заседание состоялось в четверг в Центре космических полетов имени Джонсона в Хьюстоне через несколько часов после того, как стало известно об аварийном спуске пилотируемого корабля "Союз МС-10" с космонавтом Роскосмоса Алексеем Овчининым и астронавтом NASA Ником Хейгом.

Спойлер

Комментируя планы компаний SpaceX и Boeing провести в начале будущего года первые полеты новых кораблей, председатель консультативной группы NASA Патрисия Сандерс отметила, что обозначенные ими сроки "непилотируемых и пилотируемых испытательных полетов чреваты значительным риском и, похоже, недостижимы". "Члены группы считают, что чрезвычайно напряженный график, продиктованный реальными или надуманными опасениями касаемо возможного перерыва в полетах астронавтов к МКС, которые усилились в связи с произошедшими [в четверг] утром событиями, создает опасность того, что разумные инженерные решения могут быть отвергнуты, а критически важные компоненты программ создания кораблей могут быть отложены или отменены, в результате чего могут быть приняты решения на основании недостаточно проверенной информации", - отметила она.

Как отметил портал Space News, Патрисия Сандерс и другие члены консультативной группы NASA выразили сомнения в том, что SpaceX и Boeing смогут выдержать нынешний график создания коммерческих транспортных систем, не говоря уже о том, чтобы ускорить процесс в целях избежания проблем с доставкой астронавтов на МКС, связанных с аварией ракеты-носителя "Союз-ФГ".

Компания SpaceX планирует провести демонстрационный полет своего корабля в январе 2019 года, а в марте должен состояться полет корабля CST-100 Starliner компании Boeing. Как отметило в этой связи информационное агентство Bloomberg, NASA хочет, чтобы на борту МКС находился экипаж для того, чтобы следить за сближением новых американских кораблей со станцией.

[свернуть]

[tnt22]

https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/10/13/safety-panel-says-much-work-left-to-do-before-commercial-crew-ships-fly/

Safety panel says much work left to do before commercial crew ships fly
October 13, 2018 | Stephen Clark


A test model of SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft descends under four main parachutes over Naval Air Facility El Centro in Southern California during a drop test earlier this year. The Crew Dragon will normally return to splash down at sea, but this test gathered data on the parachutes' performance during an abort that would force a return over land. Credit: NASA/SpaceX

NASA safety advisors on Thursday lauded hardware milestones on Boeing and SpaceX commercial crew capsules, but said multiple technical issues, including problems with parachutes, must be resolved before the human-rated ships are ready to carry astronauts, adding that both companies continue to pursue schedules that appear to be unachievable.

Members of the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel said engineers at both companies, which work under contract to NASA, are examining their parachute designs after encountering failures during testing.

The chair of the safety panel also said Thursday that Boeing and SpaceX's most recent schedules for orbital test flights of their commercial space taxis remain overly-ambitious. She added that, so far, safety remains a priority in NASA's commercial crew program, but cautioned that schedule pressures could be exasperated by Thursday's emergency landing of two-man crew heading to the station on a Soyuz rocket, which threw the schedule for future Soyuz crew launches into question.

"We have not seen the (commercial crew) program make decisions detrimental to safety, but currently projected schedules for uncrewed and crewed test flights for both providers have considerable risk and do not appear achievable," said Patricia Sanders, the safety board's chair and former executive director of the Missile Defense Agency.

Спойлер

SpaceX plans to launch its first Crew Dragon spacecraft on an unpiloted mission to the International Space Station as soon as January. Boeing plans a similar orbital test flight, without astronauts, no earlier than March.

Assuming the flights go well, those fully autonomous demo missions will be followed by crew flight tests — in June for SpaceX's Crew Dragon and in August for Boeing's CST-100 Starliner — according to a schedule update published by NASA last week.

The failure of a Soyuz rocket Thursday during the launch of a two-man crew bound for the space station raised questions about whether crews can remain on the space station if Russia's investigation into the accident keeps future astronaut launches grounded.

Russian cosmonaut Alexey Ovchinin and NASA flight engineer Nick Hague safely landed downrange in Kazakhstan inside their Soyuz MS-10 descent module, which carried them away from the rocket failure around two minutes after liftoff.

Russian investigations into rocket failures typically go faster than inquiries into launch accidents in the United States, and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said Friday he saw no reason to think the next Soyuz crew launch in Decmeber — with Russian, U.S. and Canadian crew members — will be postponed in the wake of Thursday's emergency landing.


A prototype of SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule completed a pad abort test at Cape Canaveral in May 2015. Credit: SpaceX

While Russian engineers may close out their investigation into Thursday's launch failure in time to keep upcoming crew launches on track, NASA's agreement with the Russian space agency to pay for U.S. astronaut seats on Soyuz launches expires next year, with the final landing under the NASA-Roscosmos contract scheduled in January 2020.

If SpaceX or Boeing is not ready to launch astronauts by then, there could a gap in U.S. presence on the station. NASA and Roscosmos have already agreed to extend the length of upcoming space station expeditions to six months or longer, pushing out the final landing under the Soyuz seat contract from 2019 to January 2020.

NASA and Boeing have agreed that the first crew test flight of the CST-100 Starliner, originally conceived to last a few weeks, could be converted into a long-duration stay at the space station, ensuring a U.S. astronaut presence on the orbiting outpost.

A similar deal could be executed between NASA and SpaceX.

Once the commercial crew contractors are flying operationally, NASA and Roscosmos have an "in-kind" agreement to fly a Russian cosmonaut on each U.S. crew launch and a U.S. or partner astronaut on each Soyuz mission to ensure the space station always has at least one crew member capable of managing the U.S. and Russian segments of the research complex.

In remarks at the opening of Thursday's ASAP meeting, Sanders expressed concerns that NASA's efforts to ensure continuous U.S. presence on the space station should not come at the cost of safety.

"The panel believes that an over-constrained schedule driven by any real or perceived potential gap in astronaut transport to the ISS, possibly exasperated by this morning's events, poses a danger that sound engineering design solutions could be superseded, critical program content could be delayed or deleted, and decisions of 'good enough' (could) be made based on insufficient data," Sanders said in Thursday's previously-scheduled meeting, which convened hours after the Soyuz launch failure.

Panel members said NASA should make sure SpaceX and Boeing's unpiloted test flights include demonstrations of all the critical spacecraft systems necessary for human spaceflight, ensuring each component has been tested before astronauts fly on the commercial spaceships.

...

Under the terms of the SpaceX and Boeing commercial crew contracts with NASA — valued at $2.6 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively — the companies are required to submit data on test results, design details and other parameters to the space agency. NASA engineers are responsible for reviewing the information and certifying that each design can accomplish the mission of carrying astronauts to and from the space station, and do it within NASA's safety requirements.

"The NASA engineers then have some period of time in which to review that data — it could be test data, it could be analysis, it could be any number of things, and it depends on the parameter in question — review that data and validate that, indeed, the contractor has showed that that certification condition, whatever it may be, has been met, and then, and only then, does that engineer sign off that on this issue the design is adequate.

"That does have to be complete before crew flights on these systems, and it is essentially extremely important and should not be thought of as some sort of bureaucratic time delay," McErlean said. "I wanted to bring that up, and it's as true for the other partner as well."

Boeing must also tackle several technical "long poles" before its CST-100 Starliner spacecraft is ready to fly in space, according to Chris Saindon, who updated NASA's safety advisory board on Boeing's status.


NASA shuttle veteran Eric Boe, rookie astronaut Nicole Mann and Boeing astronaut Chris Ferguson, who commanded the last space shuttle mission, will fly on the CST-100 Starliner's first crewed test flight next year. Credit: NASA

"Parachute testing is one of them, launch abort engine propulsion system anomalies ... also some fractures in a pyro initiator assembly that was designed to separate modules," Saindon said.

Boeing's testing of a CST-100 structural test article is nearing completion, Saindon said, but, like SpaceX, Boeing is trying to resolve parachute issues discovered during drop tests.

"During one of the qualification tests, the last one that was done, parachute qualification test No. 3, the system didn't function quite as expected, so there needs to be some analysis done on that," Saindon said. "There is a root cause investigation underway."

Without going into details, Saindon said the parachute test had an "unexpected outcome," and parachute testing is on hold until Boeing completes the investigation into the problem.

"Then they've got to reinitiate the test program, and it's not an easy test program with parachutes," Saindon said. "It requires a high-altitude balloon, and it requires the right weather."

Two more parachute qualification tests remain in Boeing's test program, followed by six "reliability tests," Saindon said.

Boeing has also studied parachute concerns related to launch abort scenarios if a problem occurred during the capsule's climb into orbit on a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket, according to Saindon, but test results indicate that issue has been addressed.

Saindon also briefed the safety panel on the CST-100 Starliner's launch abort engine anomaly, which occurred during a hotfire test of the escape engines in June.

At the end of a short firing of the craft's four launch abort engines, which are designed to push the capsule away from a failing rocket, several of the engine valves failed to fully close, causing a propellant spill.

Saindon described the problem, which was not observed during test firings of single launch abort engines and only when four engines were fired together, as caused by a "harmonic resonance across the entire system."

Boeing says its engineers have identified the problem, and will repeat the hotfire test before proceeding with a full-scale pad abort test to demonstrate the Starliner's capability to safely carry astronauts away from an emergency on the launch pad.

"We have settled on one hardware fix and one software fix that will mitigate the problem that we saw with the hotfire earlier this year," said Chris Ferguson, a former space shuttle commander-turned-Boeing astronaut who will fly on the CST-100 Starliner's Crew Flight Test next year, in a briefing with reporters at the IAC earlier this month. "They will be rolled into the next hotfire test because we'll have to repeat an element of what we did not prove to ourselves back in the first test, and that will likely take place in the March/April timeframe."

"(There's) one engineering hardware change, a small one, and a software change that will be rolled into the main fuel valves that will be mitigate the problem," Ferguson said.

Saindon continued his briefing by discussing "unexpected failures" in the pyrotechnic system used to separate the CST-100 Starliner crew module from its service module before re-entry. The crew module, carrying the astronauts, will parachute to a an airbag-cushioned landing in the Western United States, while the service module will burn up on re-entry into the atmosphere.

"During qualification testing ... there were some material failures on those pyrotechnic initiators," Saindon said, who added that engineers from NASA and Boeing believe they have settled on an "interim solution" to the problem.

"Despite the fact that they failed, they seemed to perform the function as designed, which is to separate the crew module from the service module, but nevertheless, there's a FOD (foreign object debris) hazard there if that initiator fractures, and that needs to be addressed."

[свернуть]

Echoing McErlean's comments, Saindon, a former U.S. Navy pilot and former director of aviation safety programs at the U.S. Naval Safety Center, said the "validation and certification process is not paperwork, and there's a lot to do."

[tnt22]

Michael Baylor‏ @nextspaceflight 9:00 - 18 окт. 2018 г.

The rocket for the Starliner OFT (Orbital Flight Test) is about to arrive at the Cape. An exciting milestone for Commercial Crew!

Tory Bruno‏Подлинная учетная запись @torybruno 8:52 - 18 окт. 2018 г.

Yes. We are transporting hardware related to the Starliner missions

Michael Baylor‏ @nextspaceflight 9:05 - 18 окт. 2018 г.

According to the NAC hearing last summer, this should be the contents of the shipment.

[tnt22]

https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/atlas-v-starliner-updates

CENTAUR ARRIVES AT CAPE CANAVERAL

Oct. 19, 2018 -- The dual-engine Centaur upper stage that will launch Boeing's first Starliner spacecraft on its uncrewed Orbital Flight Test to the International Space Station has arrived at Cape Canaveral for final processing by United Launch Alliance technicians.


The Centaur is prepared to exit the Mariner. Photo by NASA

The stage arrived Oct. 19 aboard the Mariner cargo ship, the ocean-going vessel that ULA uses to transport rocket stages fr om the manufacturing plant in Decatur, Alabama to the launch sites.

Спойлер

Wrapped in a protective covering for the transit, the Centaur was offloaded at the Port Canaveral wharf and driven on a specialized trailer to ULA's Atlas Spaceflight Operations Center for initial arrival checks.

Later, it will move to the Delta Operations Center to be raised vertically, mounted onto the interstage structure and fitted with the adapter that will support Starliner atop the rocket. That combined stack will then be ready for mating to the Atlas V first stage at the Vertical Integration Facility next year.


The Centaur heads for ULA's Cape Canaveral facilities. Photo by NASA

Mariner left Decatur on Oct. 10 for the journey of nearly 2,000 miles.

The venerable Centaur will resume flights in a dual-engine configuration -- which was once commonplace -- for this inaugural launch of Starliner. The last Centaur stage to utilize two engines was an Atlas IIAS rocket launch in 2004.

The Atlas V has needed only single-engine Centaurs to perform all of its launches to date to deliver payloads to their intended destinations, but the Starliner mass along with the need to shape the trajectory to lim it astronaut accelerations and optimize ascent abort performance in case of a vehicle failure necessitates the thrust of two engines.


The Centaur enters the Atlas Spaceflight Operations Center. Photo by NASA 

For the OFT launch, the Centaur will be powered by a pair of Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10-4-2 cryogenic engines, burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen to generate nearly 45,000 pounds of thrust.

Centaur flew for the 250th time on Oct. 17 in launching the Air Force's AEHF-4 protected communications satellite. Two-thirds of those previous launches were dual-engine configurations.

The high-energy stage has launched spacecraft to every planet in our solar system, plus the moon, Pluto and solar observatories, and critical national security, communications and weather satellites.

[свернуть]