Mangalyaan (спутник Марса) - PSLV-C25 - 05.11.2013 13:08 ЛМВ - Шрихарикота

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С большим успехом индийских ракетчиков и всю космическую отрасль поздравил премьер-министр страны Манмохан Сингх, который находился на космодроме и сам наблюдал за [...........] ракетным стартом. "Индия по праву гордится своими учеными, которые, несмотря на все трудности, создали технологии для изучения и освоения космического пространства", - поздравил ученых глава правительства.

Выступая на пресс-конференции, Манмохан Сингх подчеркнул, что Индия сейчас готовится к пилотируемому космическому полету, который предварительно запланирован на 2016 г. А раньше, в в 2013 г., индийская научная станция должна отправиться к Марсу. Стоимость этой миссии, по данным СМИ, оценивается в 4-5 млрд рупий (70-90 млн дол).

Однако многие как в самой Индии, так и за ее рубежами задаются вопросом, не слишком ли дорогое это удовольствие тратить огромные средства на космос, когда они требуются для борьбы с бедностью и решения острых социальных проблем в стране. Ответом на него послужили слова премьер- министра, который сказал: "Сейчас у нас самих возникают вопросы о том, насколько благоразумно выделение финансовых средств на реализацию космической миссии в то время, как в стране очень низкий уровень жизни. Может ли такая бедная страна, как Индия, позволить себе дорогие полеты в космос. Может быть, этим деньгам можно было найти более достойное применение. Однако Индия гордится своими учеными и достойна того, чтобы показать свое могущество в космической отрасли".

http://www.itar-tass.com/c19/516297.html

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India's Mars mission to begin November 2013

India's tryst with Mars will begin in November 2013 to explore the red planet's atmosphere and search for life-sustaining elements, a top space official said late Monday.

"We are scheduling to launch the Mars mission Nov 27, 2013 when the red planet will be closer to the earth for injecting our spacecraft into its elliptical orbit," Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chairman K Radhakrishnan told reporters.

The Rs 470-crore Mars mission will demonstrate India's capability to send a spacecraft 55 million km away from earth and look for life-sustaining elements 500 km away from the Martian surface.

The Indian space agency plans to use a high-end rocket (PSLV-XL) to launch the 1.4-tonne Martian spacecraft from its Sriharikota spaceport, about 80 km northeast of Chennai, with nine instruments to study various aspects of the red planet.

"The Mars mission will make India join the elite club of five top nations comprising the US, Russia, Europe, China and Japan, with indigenous technology for a 300-day space voyage from the launch date," Radhakrishnan said.

"If we don't go Mars late next year, we may have to wait for another 27 months (two years & three months) to embark on such an ambitious mission when the earth and the red planet will be closer again," the top scientist pointed out.

As the fourth planet from the sun and smallest celestial object in the solar system, Mars is terrestrial with breath-taking valleys, deserts, craters and volcanoes in a thin atmosphere. Named after the Roman god of war, the red planet has many similarities with earth like the rotation period and seasonal cycles.

"As in the case of Chandrayaan-1, we will have to take the spacecraft first into the earth's orbit from 22,000 km to 200,000 km in stages using the propulsion system and fire the rocket's liquid apogee motor to push it into the Martian orbit after cruising about 300 days," Radhakrishnan observed.

In the run-up to the launch, the space agency plans to augment the ground support station such as the deep space network at Bylalu, about 40 km from this tech hub, and rope in other ground stations in the region.

"As there will be a 20-minute communication delay in receiving signals from the Martian orbiter, we need to have high radio frequency system in the spacecraft and adequate protection for the effective functioning of its digital instruments," the chairman noted.

For ensuring to have the launch on the D-day (Nov 27), the space agency plans to have the entire set-up in place by mid-October 2013

http://www.firstpost.com/tech/indias-mars-mission-to-begin-november-2013-459232.html

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HAL completes structure of Indian Mars orbiter

Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) has delivered the Mars orbiter mission satellite structure to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

"The satellite structure is an assembly of composite and metallic honeycomb sandwich panels with a central composite cylinder," says HAL chairman RK Tyagi.

The assembly work for the structure was carried out at HAL's facilities in Bangalore.

The ISRO will build the satellite's other subsystems and scientific payload.



HAL

On 15 August, Indian prime minister Manmohan Singh announced that India will place a small spacecraft in orbit around Mars in 2013.

"The completed satellite will ultimately embark on a nine month voyage to orbit Mars," says HAL. "During its orbit, the satellite will be at a distance of 54.6 million km [33.9 million miles] away from Earth: the farthest any Indian satellite would have travelled."

http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hal-completes-structure-of-indian-mars-orbiter-376942/

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http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=29440.msg963422#msg963422

India test-fires Mars mission engine

The engine, known as the liquid apogee motor (LAM), was fired for about 670 seconds at Isro's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre at Mahendra Giri in Tamil Nadu. "The test was successful and will go on for about 45 days.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-test-fires-Mars-mission-engine/articleshow/16732473.cms

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Mangalyaan update: Testing of main engine underway

Pradeep Mohandas emailed me last night with a link to an article published in today's Times of India with a progress update on India's 2013 Mars mission. Evidently the Liquid Apogee Motor -- the spacecraft's main engine -- is already built and is now undergoing testing. (This suggests to me that the mission was already being developed before it was announced in August, but I'm no expert in spacecraft design and construction, so I wouldn't really know.)

The brief article has various other details about the mission plan, some of which are news to me:

    * The October or November 2013 launch will place Mangalyaan into Earth orbit.
    * Six engine firings will raise that orbit to one with an apogee of 215,000 kilometers and a perigee of 600 kilometers.
    * On November 26, 2013, a final firing will send Mangalyaan onto an interplanetary trajectory.
    * Mars Orbit Insertion is planned for September 21, 2014.

The article concludes "An Isro official said the real challenge in the mission is that the engine has to restart after 300 days when the orbiter enters the Martian orbit." This is certainly true; it's a challenge that ISRO has yet to face, and it will definitely be a key moment in the mission. It's also a challenge that neither of the other two Asian space powers -- China and Japan -- have yet accomplished. Really, just arriving at Mars with an operational spacecraft would be a singular achievement; anything after that is gravy.

I wish I had better artwork of Mangalyaan than this...hopefully someone will spot something in Indian media and forward it to me. Or maybe one of you talented readers skilled in 3D modeling could throw something together.

http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/10090908-manglayaan-motor.html

Пуск в октябре или ноябре 2013.
запланировано:
6 включений двигателя для формирования переходной орбиты
26.11.2013 еще одно включение, уже для выхода на траекторию межпланетного полета
выход на орбиту вокруг Марса 21.09.2014

[Salo]

Предыстория проекта:

http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/ISRO_Eyes_Lunar_Landing_In_2012_And_Mars_Mission_In_2013_999.html

ISRO Eyes Lunar Landing In 2012 And Mars Mission In 2013

Bangalore, India (PTI) Dec 29, 2008
Buoyed by the success of Chandrayaan-I, Indian space scientists now plan to conquer new frontiers by sending a robot on moon in 2012 and a spacecraft to Mars the following year which will also see an Indian astronaut in space.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has lined up a slew of missions which also include landing a spacecraft on an asteroid and sending a probe to fly past a comet.

ISRO plans to send an Indian astronaut in space onboard a Russian mission in 2013 and follow it up with two Indian astronauts on a seven-day mission on an indigenously developed rocket in 2015.

India's mission to Mars is at a conceptual stage right now, ISRO chairman G. Madhavan Nair told PTI on the sidelines of a felicitation of the Chandrayaan-I team by CII.

"Next year we will be able to finalise and by 2013 it can take off," he said.

Nair said the current Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), used to put communications satellites in orbit, will be used to launch the probe to Mars.

ISRO also plans to launch a sequel to Chandrayaan-I, which will entail landing a rover robot on moon by 2012. The lunar rover will be built in collaboration with Russia.

"The design for Chandrayaan-II is ready," Nair said.

Last year, ISRO had sent to space a capsule which was recovered after keeping in orbit for 22 days. The Space Recovery Experiment (SRE) was seen as a technology demonstrator for future manned missions.

[Salo]

http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/ISRO_Processes_Propellant_Booster_For_Mars_Program_999.html

ISRO Processes Propellant Booster For Mars Program
 
Kochi (PTI) Jan 19, 2009

The Indian Space Research Organisation has recently commissioned a world class solid propellant plant at Sriharikota, where the 200 tonne propellant booster meant for the 'Mars programme' was processed, an official of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre said.
"Two months back, we commissioned a world class solid propellant plant at Sriharikota, where we are able to process the 200 tonnes propellant booster meant for the Mars three programme, which will be commissioned in two years," M Chandradathan, director of SHAR, said, delivering the K Unnikrishan Memorial lecture hereon Wednesday night.
 
On the success of Chandrayaan I, he said it was the result of a team effort under the "visionary leadership" of ISRO chairman G Madhavan Nair.
 
Referring to criticism on the need to have launched Chandrayaan-1 when there had been similar launches all over the world years back, he said ISRO's aim when they started the rocket launch programme in 1964-65 was not for going to the moon or landing on the moon.
 
"The main aim of ISRO was to concentrate on resource building of the country, how best we can study the country's resources and how best we can make use the resources for the benefit of the common man," he said.

[Salo]

И ещё:

http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/02/321891/indias-space-programme-looks-beyond-the-moon.html

[Salo]

http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-scales-down-mars-mission/article4279757.ece

Kolkata, January 6, 2013
India scales down Mars mission


A replica of India's first spacecraft to Mars on display at the exhibition organised on the sidelines of the 100th Indian Science Congress at Kolkata on Sunday. Photo: Arunangsu Roy Chowdhury

 India's bid to explore Mars will be a scaled down affair with the space agency flying experimental payload of less than 15 kg as against 25kg planned originally.

The Mars Orbiter Mission, expected to be launched in mid-October this year, will carry five experimental payloads with a total weight of 14.49 kg.

At a presentation made by planetary scientists at the 100th Indian Science Congress in Kolkata, it was revealed that the Methane Sensor for Mars, which will be capable of scanning the entire Martian disc within six minutes, will weigh 3.59 kg.

Earlier missions to Mars had detected Methane in the thin Martian atmosphere, but the discovery is yet to be corroborated.

Methane is known to be released by some microbes as part of their digestive process.

The Mars mission will propel India to the elite club of five nations comprising the U.S., Russia, Europe, China and Japan which have launched similar missions.

Another instrument —Thermal Infrared Spectrometer — weighing 4 kg will be used to map the surface composition of Mars. The Mars Colour Camera has a mass of 1.4 kg, while the Lyman-alpha photometer, weighing 1.5 kg would measure atomic hydrogen in the Martian atmosphere.

The Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) which would study the Martian atmosphere weighs about 4 kg.

All the payloads together weigh 14.49 kg.

The Mars Orbiter will go around the planet once in three days, its nearest point being only 371 km from the planet's surface and the farthest point about 80,000 km away.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had announced the Mars Orbiter Mission in his Independence Day address in 2012.

Work on the Mars Orbiter Mission is going on full steam and equipments for the five experiments planned during the mission are expected to be delivered to ISRO in March.

ISRO's trusted warhorse rocket PSLV-XL is expected to launch the mission some time in October from the spaceport Sriharikota which will first keep orbiting the Earth, achieving the necessary velocity to escape the Earth's gravitational pull.

As per existing plans, the satellite is expected to exit the Earth's orbit on November 26 and embark on the journey to Mars which is expected to last for around 300 days.

The scientists have drawn up plans to ins ert the satellite in an orbit around Mars on September 22, 2014.

A key challenge before the scientists is navigating the spacecraft from the Earth to Mars in deep space using the Deep Space Network at Baylalu on the outskirts of Bangalore.

Another challenge would be to re-activate the temporary inactive sub-systems of the spacecraft once it reaches Mars after a 10-month journey through deep space.

The liquid rocket engine, capable of generating a 440 Newton thrust, would be required to steer the spacecraft in to the Martian orbit.

The spacecraft, with a 1350 kg liftoff mass, will have a single solar array with three panels of 1400 x 1800 mm capable of generating 750 watts of power in the Martian orbit.

It will also be equipped with a 36 AH Lithium-ion battery for power storage.

[Salo]

http://trishul-trident.blogspot.com/2013/02/highlights-of-aero-india-2013-expo-part.html

[Johannes]

http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/2760.pdf

[Salo]

http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/awx_02_21_2013_p0-551603.xml

India To Launch Mission To Mars This Year, Says President
By Reuters
 
February 21, 2013

India will launch its first mission to Mars this year, President Pranab Mukherjee said on Thursday, as the emerging Asian nation looks to play catch up in the global space race alongside the United States, Russia and its giant neighbor China.

"Several space missions are planned for 2013, including India's first mission to Mars and the launch of our first navigational satellite," Mukherjee told parliament.

India will send a satellite in October via an unmanned spacecraft to orbit the red planet, blasting off from the southeastern coast in a mission expected to cost about $83 million, scientists who are part of the mission say.

The spacecraft, which will be made in India, will take nine months to reach Mars and then launch itself in an elliptical orbit about 500 km (310 miles) from the planet.

"The mission is ready to roll," Deviprasad Karnik, a scientist from the India Space Research Organization (ISRO), said by phone from the city of Bangalore.

India's mission to Mars has drawn criticism in a country suffering from high levels of malnutrition and power shortages, and currently experiencing its worst slowdown in growth in ten years. But India has long argued that technology developed in its space program has practical applications to everyday life.

India's space exploration program began in 1962. Five years ago, its Chandrayaan satellite found evidence of water on the moon. India is now looking at landing a wheeled rover on the moon in 2014.

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Размер ядра этой кометы 25-50 километров!!!

Ни на что не намекаю, просто напомню параметры расчетной марсианской орбиты сабжа: эллиптическая, 500 x 80000 км.

[SIZE=16]Комета C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) — не исключено столкновение с Марсом[/SIZE]

Открытая в начале 2013 года, комета C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring), в октябре 2014 года может столкнуться с Марсом. В настоящий момент, на основании наблюдательной дуги в 74 дня, номинальное минимальное расстояние между красной планетой и кометой, может составить всего 0.00073 а.е, то есть, приблизительно 109 200 км! Дистанция же до естественного спутника Марса — Деймоса, будет меньше на 6000 км и составит порядка 103 000 км. 19 октября 2014 года, комета может достичь -8...-8.5 звездной величины, при наблюдении с поверхности Марса! Возможно удастся получить снимки высокого разрешения с помощью АМС «MRO».

Так как C/2013 A1 является гиперболической кометой и движется по ретроградной орбите, скорость встречи кометы с планетой будет чрезвычайно высокой — порядка 56 км/c. При текущей оценке абсолютной величины кометного ядра M2 = 10.3, что может соответствовать диаметру превышающему 50 км, энергия при столкновении может достичь умопомрачительного значения в 2×10¹º мегатонн! Подобному событию вполне по силам оставить кратер с поперечником 500 км и глубиной около 2 км. На фоне этого события меркнет даже известная всем бомбардировка Юпитера, распавшейся кометой Шумейкеров-Леви 9, в июле 1994 года, по некоторым оценкам, диаметр родительского тела которой, составлял до 15 км.



Все вышесказанное базируется на текущих измерениях и конечно, с поступлением новых данных, будет уточнятся. В любом случае, уже сейчас можно сказать что близкий пролет должен состоятся. Текущие показатели неопределенности орбиты кометы, вполне допускают и сценарий столкновения, хотя вероятность подобного события мала. Астрономы продолжают следить за этой интересной кометой и я буду держать вас в курсе событий.

Номинальные элементы орбиты взяты с сайта JPL NASA, расчеты проводились в пакете Mercury.

http://spaceobs.org/ru/2013/02/25/comet-c2013-a1-siding-spring-a-possible-collision-with-mars/

[sol]

отоб бУхнуло ....
Только чтоб не рядом с Любопытным и Опорткнистом - но неплохо бы, чтоб в пределах доехать-посмотреть пощупать.
Море информации!

[G.K.]

instml пишет:
бомбардировка Юпитера, распавшейся кометой Шумейкеров-Леви 9

Если вспомнить размер светящихся областей возмущений на Юпитере (из фильма NG про Шумейкера порядка размера Земли) то будет интересно....

[Gapa]

после бабаха такой кометы глядишь и ожидаемое всеми терроформирование Марса произойдет нахаляву:)

[Bizonich]

instml пишет:
Только чтоб не рядом с Любопытным и Опорткнистом - но неплохо бы, чтоб в пределах доехать-посмотреть пощупать.

Да там более чем в тысяче км достанет, если кратер 500 км. Пыли поднимет столько, что про роверы можно надолго забыть.

[Veganin]

Лучше пусть комета мимо Марса пролетит. Таких зрелищ нам не надо.

[sol]

Veganin пишет:
Лучше пусть комета мимо Марса пролетит. Таких зрелищ нам не надо.

и Марс своей гравитацией малехо исправит ее траекторию :|

[Veganin]

Так орбита гиперболическая - улетит в межзвездное пространство. На ее бы зонд высадить с аппаратурой и автоматическая межзвездная станция готова