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Цитата: undefined15 novembre 2017
 Ariane 241 – La 1ère campagne de l'année est lancée !

Le navire qui assure le transport, entre l'Europe et la Guyane, des éléments du lanceur, est arrivé au port de Pariacabo de Kourou. Les éléments sont déchargés et convoyés au Centre spatial guyanais, jusqu'au BIL (bâtiment d'intégration lanceur). La mission d'Ariane 5 prévue fin janvier 18, sera le premier lancement de l'année.

Цитата: undefined15 ноября 2017 г.
Ariane 241 - Стартовала первая кампания года!

Корабль, перевозящий составные части РН между Европой и Гайаной, прибыл в порт Париакабо де Куру. Составные части РН разгружаются и транспортируются в Гвианский космический центр  в здание сборки РН (BIL). Миссия Ariane 5, запланированная на 18 января, станет первым запуском года.

Цитата: undefined

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Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186190.jpg) Orbital ATK‏Подлинная учетная запись @OrbitalATK (https://twitter.com/OrbitalATK) 20 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/OrbitalATK/status/935246172419223552)

We are preparing to ship our first GEOStar-3 satellite, @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial)'s Al Yah 3, fr om our manufacturing facility in Dulles, VA to its launch site in French Guiana

18 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/OrbitalATK/status/935268868242726912)

Employees attended this afternoon's Al Yah 3 send off ceremony, wh ere they heard remarks from program leads & Space Systems Group President Frank Culbertson
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18 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/OrbitalATK/status/935272281147879425)

Al Yah 3 will be shipped to its French Guiana launch site this week, and launch is expected in early 2018. Learn more about the satellite: http://bit.ly/2Ab22Hh  (https://t.co/joiJKJ0Tgu)
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Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185988.jpg) Peter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 5 ч назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/936248313669738497)

Al Yah 3 for @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial) arrives at Europe's spaceport in S America; 1st @OrbitalATK (https://twitter.com/OrbitalATK) GEOStar-3 hybrid electric propulsion sat; 8 kW power to payload; Brazil/African coverage; launch in Jan w/ @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace).
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/171042.jpg)

Цитировать

Orbital ATK Delivers Al Yah 3 Commercial Communications Satellite to Launch Site

Company's First Hybrid Electric Propulsion GEOStar-3 Satellite Scheduled for January Launch from Kourou, French Guiana

Dulles, Virginia 30 November 2017 – Orbital ATK (NYSE: OA), a global leader in aerospace and defense technologies, today announced that the Al Yah 3 satellite has arrived at its launch site in Kourou, French Guiana, for its upcoming launch on an Arianespace rocket in January 2018. Al Yah 3, built for Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC (Yahsat), a leading global satellite operator, is the first hybrid electric propulsion GEOStar-3™ satellite to be completed by Orbital ATK. The satellite was built at the company's satellite manufacturing facility in Dulles, Virginia, and shipped to the launch site on November 28. Al Yah 3 will extend Yahsat's commercial Ka-band coverage to an additional 600 million users across Africa and Brazil.

Спойлер

Al Yah 3 is an all Ka-band high-throughput and light-weight satellite that sets a new standard for affordability and payload flexibility in its class. The spacecraft will provide affordable broadband communications to 60% of Africa's population and more than 95% of Brazil's population.

"Today's delivery highlights the teamwork and cooperation between Orbital ATK and Yahsat that brings us one step closer to advancing our customer's goals," said Amer Khouri, Vice President of the Commercial Satellite Business at Orbital ATK. "With the satellite now in Kourou, we look forward to working with both Yahsat and Arianespace to prepare for a successful launch in January."

"Al Yah 3 is a significant milestone in realizing our vision at Yahsat. Extending our affordable broadband services to 60% of the people in Africa and more than 95% in Brazil to bridge the digital divide and enable a more connected world is core to our strategy. We look forward to the successful launch of Al Yah 3 and thereafter furthering our ambitions via future missions to support more growth for YahClick, and for our other business lines such as commercial in-flight connectivity," said Marcus Vilaca, Chief Technology Officer at Yahsat.

The GEOStar-3 platform is the newest, highest power and most advanced platform in the flight-proven GEOStar product line. The spacecraft bus features an increase in both battery capacity and solar array power, enabling the GEOStar-3 to provide up to 8 kilowatts of power to the payload. The hybrid electric propulsion system provides the benefits of higher power and greater payload capability while maintaining cost-effective launches and a faster path to orbit than all electric systems.

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Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/29242.jpg) DutchSpace‏ @DutchSpace (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace) 1 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/936560227318730753)

Small #CSG (https://twitter.com/hashtag/CSG?src=hash) updates: #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) with SES14 and Al Yah 3 is planned for 25th of January 2018 and #VS18 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VS18?src=hash) with 4x O3B is planned for 1st of March 2018

Цитировать (https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/740932957309947906/eyELdt9o_bigger.jpg) Stéphane Israël‏ @arianespaceceo (https://twitter.com/arianespaceceo) 30 нояб. (https://twitter.com/arianespaceceo/status/936259346262093847)

Activities are in motion for our first #Ariane5 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ariane5?src=hash) launch of 2018: Al Yah 3, one of Flight #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash)'s two satellite passengers, arrived in French Guiana today via (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/125615.png) @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial) @OrbitalATK (https://twitter.com/OrbitalATK)
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Спойлер

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ЦитироватьDecember 5, 2017

Keeping up the mission cadence: first Ariane 5 for launch in 2018 begins its integration process

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/223143.jpg)
The cryogenic core stage for Flight VA241's Ariane 5 is shown suspended over its mobile launch table in the Spaceport's Launcher Integration Building (photo at left). In the image at right, one of two solid propellant boosters is transferred for its mating to the Ariane 5 core stage.

The first Ariane 5 for liftoff in 2018 has begun its build-up process, kicking off preparations for another busy year of Arianespace launch activity fr om its French Guiana operational base.

This heavy-lift vehicle will be used for Flight VA241, which will deliver the Al Yah 3 spacecraft for Yahsat (the Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC), based in the United Arab Emirates at Dubai, along with another relay satellite.

Спойлер

The Arianespace mission's designation signifies Ariane's 241st liftoff since the European-built series of launch vehicles began operation in 1979.

Integration of the Ariane 5 is following well-established procedures at the Spaceport, with its cryogenic core stage positioned over one of two operational launch tables. This is being followed by the mating of two solid propellant boosters in the Spaceport's Ariane 5 Launcher Integration Building – clearing the way for an initial vehicle "top-off" with installation of its combined cryogenic upper stage and equipment bay atop the core stage.

Al Yah 3: a hybrid electric propulsion satellite

Ariane 5 will then be made ready for transfer to the Spaceport's Final Assembly Building, wh ere it will receive the two satellite passengers.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/222987.jpg) (http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12-4-2017-VA241-lg.jpg)
The protective shipping container with Al Yah 3 is unloaded from the chartered AN-124 cargo jetliner at Cayenne's Félix Eboué Airport, which was followed by the satellite's transfer by road to the Spaceport.

Al Yah 3 was built by Orbital ATK at the U.S. company's satellite manufacturing facility in Dulles, Virginia. It was shipped to the launch site on November 28.

This relay platform will extend the commercial Ka-band coverage for Yahsat to an additional 600 million users across Africa and Brazil.

Al Yah 3 is the first hybrid electric propulsion GEOStar-3™ satellite to be completed by Orbital ATK. The spacecraft's hybrid electric propulsion system is designed to provide higher power and greater payload capability, while maintaining cost-effective launches and a faster path to orbit than all-electric systems.

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ЦитироватьICON and GOLD: Instrument Scanning Coverage

 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/220784.jpg)  (https://www.youtube.com/user/NASAgovVideo) NASA Video (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_aP7p621ATY_yAa8jMqUVA)

Опубликовано: 21 дек. 2017 г.

A basic view of the orbits for ICON (Ionospheric Connections Explorer) and GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk). These missions will conduct measurements of ionospheric composition, ionization, and winds to better understand the connection between space weather and its terrestrial impacts.

Спойлер

In this visualization, we present GOLD (in geostationary orbit around Earth) and ICON (in low Earth orbit). The colors over Earth represent model data from the IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) model of the density of the singly-ionized oxygen atom at an altitude of 350 kilometers. Red represents high density. The ion density is enhanced above and below the geomagnetic equator (not perfectly aligned with the geographic equator) on the dayside due to the ionizing effects of solar ultraviolet radiation combined with the effects of high-altitude winds and the geomagnetic field.

In the latter half of the visualization, the viewing fields of the various instruments are displayed. ICON has an EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) and FUV (Far Ultraviolet) cameras (violet colored frustrums directed from spacecraft) pointing perpendicular to the orbit direction for detecting ionospheric emissions. Two Doppler interferometer cameras (blue) are directed at 45 degrees from this camera to detect ionospheric wind velocities.

GOLD has an imaging spectrometer (green) that periodically scans the disk of Earth with additional higher-resolution scans of the dayside limb.

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ЦитироватьAriane 5 (http://www.arianespace.com/mission-updates/?taxonomy%5Bmission-update-category%5D=ariane-5) | December 22, 2017

Both satellites for Arianespace's first launch of 2018 are in French Guiana

As another year of successful Arianespace launch activity draws to a close, both satellites for its first mission of 2018 are now in French Guiana – positioning them for liftoff January 25 from the Spaceport on a heavy-lift Ariane 5.

Arriving today was SES-14 for Luxembourg-based telecommunications satellite operator SES, which was flown into Félix Eboué Airport near the French Guiana capital city of Cayenne. Once it is transferred by road to the Spaceport, it will join the mission's other payload: Al Yah 3 for Al Yah Satellite Communications Company PrJSC, located in the United Arab Emirates at Abu Dhabi.

Спойлер

The January 25 mission to geostationary transfer orbit is designated Flight VA241 in Arianespace's launcher family numbering system, signifying the 241st flight of an Ariane series launch vehicle.

SES-14 will rely on electric propulsion and will be equipped with an electric plasma propulsion system for orbit raising and in-orbit maneuvers.

C- and Ku-band coverage with SES-14

To be positioned at 47.5 degrees West, SES-14 will serve Latin America, the Caribbean, North America and the North Atlantic region with its C- and Ku-band wide beam coverage as well as Ku-band high throughput spot beams coverage.

The relay platform's C-band wide beams are designed to expand the reach of SES's second cable neighborhood in Latin America, while its Ku-band high throughput spot beams will serve the dynamic aeronautical market and other traffic-intensive applications such as maritime, cellular backhaul or broadband services. Ku-band wide beams on the spacecraft also will serve growing direct-to-home and VSAT services in the Americas and the North Atlantic.

The spacecraft also has a NASA-funded hosted payload for the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission, which is to deepen scientists' understanding of the nearest reaches of space. GOLD will provide unprecedented imaging of the Earth's upper atmosphere from geostationary orbit, and will be the first mission with a cadence fast enough to study the daily weather of the thermosphere-ionosphere rather than its long-term climate.

Al Yah 3 undergoes pre-launch processing at the Spaceport

With SES-14's arrival in French Guiana, the satellite will join Flight VA241's other passenger, Al Yah 3, which is undergoing pre-launch preparations in the Spaceport's S5 payload processing facility.
 
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/222986.jpg) (http://www.arianespace.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12-22-2017-VA241-2-lg.jpg)
Al Yah 3 is shown during preparations in the Spaceport's S5 payload processing facility.

Al Yah 3 is the first hybrid electric propulsion GEOStar-3 satellite to be completed by Orbital ATK. It was built at the U.S. company's satellite manufacturing facility in Dulles, Virginia, and shipped to the launch site on November 28.

As an all Ka-band high-throughput and light-weight satellite, Al Yah 3 will provide affordable broadband communications to 60 percent of Africa's population and more than 95 percent of Brazil's population.

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Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186185.jpg) SES‏Подлинная учетная запись @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) 7 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites/status/944219653894819841)

.@Airbus (https://twitter.com/Airbus)-built #HTS (https://twitter.com/hashtag/HTS?src=hash) SES-14 has arrived in French Guiana for a January launch by an @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) 5 vehicle! The #satellite (https://twitter.com/hashtag/satellite?src=hash) hosts @NASA (https://twitter.com/NASA)'s GOLD atmospheric science payload & will serve thriving #video (https://twitter.com/hashtag/video?src=hash), #maritime (https://twitter.com/hashtag/maritime?src=hash) and #aeronautical (https://twitter.com/hashtag/aeronautical?src=hash) markets across the Americas. http://bit.ly/2l0GzYD  (https://t.co/aAkTAwELPB)
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Цитировать (https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/740932957309947906/eyELdt9o_bigger.jpg) Stéphane Israël‏ @arianespaceceo (https://twitter.com/arianespaceceo) 23 дек. (https://twitter.com/arianespaceceo/status/944497885005172736)

Present and accounted for! The electric #SES (https://twitter.com/hashtag/SES?src=hash)-14 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/125535.png) has arrived in French Guiana for its January launch aboard #Ariane5 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ariane5?src=hash). Built by @Airbus (https://twitter.com/Airbus), it will be orbited for our long-time customer @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites).
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Спойлер

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ЦитироватьProchain lancement :

Vol Ariane 241 : lancement des satellites Al Yah 3 et SES-14. Le 25 janvier 2018 décollage prévu à 19h20 (locale).

ЦитироватьСледующий запуск:

Полет Ariane 241: запуск спутников Al Yah 3 и SES-14. 25 января 2018 года пуск запланирован на 19:20 (время местное).

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186185.jpg) SES‏Подлинная учетная запись @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) 6 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites/status/948517523087069184)

Join @NASA (https://twitter.com/NASA)'s live event on Facebook on 4th Jan, 1pm ET to learn about the GOLD payload on SES-14. Hear NASA scientists and @SES_Government (https://twitter.com/SES_Government) @toddgossett (https://twitter.com/toddgossett) talk about why they're excited about the upcoming satellite http://ow.ly/F3zi30hym56  (https://t.co/UgwjAyxRPk) (image: Airbus)
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ЦитироватьUpcoming Events (All Times Eastern)

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• 1 p.m., Thursday, January 4 - "Going for GOLD: Exploring the Nearest Reaches of Space" (all channels)
  

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ЦитироватьExploring the Ionosphere: The View from GOLD

 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/220784.jpg)  (https://www.youtube.com/user/NASAgovVideo) NASA Video (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_aP7p621ATY_yAa8jMqUVA)

Опубликовано: 4 янв. 2018 г.

From its geostationary orbit, GOLD will have a continual view of Earth and its outer atmosphere. This visualization shows the view of Earth from GOLD. Because GOLD remains situated above the same geographic longitude, ICON will pass through its field of view. The two will take complementary measurements from different vantage points, making it easier to identify what caused a given change in the ionosphere.

ЦитироватьGoing for GOLD

On Jan. 25, we're going for GOLD!

We're launching an instrument called Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, GOLD (http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/gold&t=ZjY1MGRhYzZkOTg0MDAwZGVhYThhY2E0Mzg0NjU4OWNmY2Y0OWE5MCxnTmFtRTlqSA%3D%3D&b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&p=https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/169311801284/going-for-gold&m=0) for short. It's a new mission that will study a complicated — and not yet fully understood — region of near-Earth space, called the ionosphere.

Спойлер

(https://nasa.tumblr.com/fab9a3b71ce1ca17a59f23344e65e34b/tumblr_inline_p21gorSPZf1tzhl5u_540.gif)
Space is not completely empty: It's teeming with fast-moving energized particles and electric and magnetic fields that guide their motion. At the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, these particles and fields — the ionosphere — co-exist with the upper reaches of the neutral atmosphere.
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That makes this a complicated place. Big events in the lower atmosphere, like hurricanes or tsunamis, can create waves that travel all the way up to that interface to space, changing the wind patterns and causing disruptions.
(https://nasa.tumblr.com/0782df1c47883e51445c3a483eb93c34/tumblr_inline_p21gpsparb1tzhl5u_540.gif)
It's also affected by space weather. The Sun is a dynamic star, and it releases spurts of energized particles and blasts of solar material carrying electric and magnetic fields that travel out through the solar system. Depending on their direction, these bursts have the potential to disrupt space near Earth.
(https://nasa.tumblr.com/c8e8ff118a037745ac6942483c4acd99/tumblr_inline_p21gq41ZIy1tzhl5u_400.gif)
This combination of factors makes it hard to predict changes in the ionosphere — and that can have a big impact. Communications signals, like radio waves and signals that make our GPS systems work, travel through this region, and sudden changes can distort them or even cut them off completely.
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Low-Earth orbiting satellites — including the International Space Station (https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html&t=MjI1ZmM2YjQ3ZWZlMjNkMWJiNjZjOTk1ZGMzNTU4MDg5ZTNhYTE0NixnTmFtRTlqSA%3D%3D&b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&p=https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/169311801284/going-for-gold&m=0) — also fly through the ionosphere, so understanding how it fluctuates is important for protecting these satellites and astronauts.  
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GOLD is a spectrograph, an instrument that breaks light down into its component wavelengths, measuring their intensities. Breaking light up like this helps scientists see the behavior of individual chemical elements — for instance, separating the amount of oxygen versus nitrogen. GOLD sees in far ultraviolet light, a type of light that's invisible to our eyes.
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GOLD is a hosted payload. The instrument is hitching a ride aboard SES-14, a commercial communications satellite built by Airbus for SES Government Solutions, which owns and operates the satellite.

Also launching this year is the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON (https://www.nasa.gov/icon&t=NjU0NjYzNDdjMmY4NTk1OTNlZWZjZDQxMzVlMmViZjlhYzk2ZWQyNCxnTmFtRTlqSA%3D%3D&b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&p=https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/169311801284/going-for-gold&m=0), which will also study the ionosphere and neutral upper atmosphere. But while GOLD will fly in geostationary orbit some 22,000 miles above the Western Hemisphere, ICON will fly just 350 miles above Earth, able to gather close up images of this region.
(https://nasa.tumblr.com/1a02c8b3f0fc4efbfb0f45c8c685cb91/tumblr_inline_p21gs1TUlY1tzhl5u_540.gif)
Together, these missions give us an unprecedented look at the ionosphere and upper atmosphere, helping us understand the very nature of how our planet interacts with space.

To learn more about this region of space and the GOLD mission, visit: nasa.gov/gold (https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/gold&t=ZjY1MGRhYzZkOTg0MDAwZGVhYThhY2E0Mzg0NjU4OWNmY2Y0OWE5MCxnTmFtRTlqSA%3D%3D&b=t%3AUFcrB_DpY1hYQssYTNl5fw&p=https://nasa.tumblr.com/post%2F169311801284/going-for-gold&m=0).

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com (http://nzqxgyi.or2w2ytmoixgg33n.nblz.ru/).  

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Jan 4th, 2018 (https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/169311801284/going-for-gold)

ЦитироватьJan. 4, 2018

Two Heads Are Better than One: ICON & GOLD Teaming Up To Explore Earth's Interface to Space

Like Earth, space has weather. Except instead of swirling winds and downpours of precipitation, space weather is defined by shifting electric and magnetic fields and rains of charged particles. At the very beginning of space, starting just 60 miles above Earth's surface, there's a layer of the atmosphere that shifts and changes in concert with both types of weather.

Спойлер

Above the ozone layer, the ionosphere is a part of Earth's atmosphere where particles have been cooked into a sea of electrically-charged electrons and ions by the Sun's radiation. The ionosphere is comingled with the very highest — and quite thin — layers of Earth's neutral upper atmosphere, making this region an area that is constantly in flux undergoing the push-and-pull between Earth's conditions and those in space. Increasingly, these layers of near-Earth space are part of the human domain, as it's home not only to astronauts, but to radio signals used to guide airplanes and ships, and satellites that provide our communications and GPS systems. Understanding the fundamental processes that govern our upper atmosphere and ionosphere is crucial to improve situational awareness that helps protect astronauts, spacecraft and humans on the ground.

Two new NASA missions are teaming up to explore this little-understood area that's close to home but historically hard to observe. The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD (http://nasa.gov/gold), instrument launches aboard a commercial communications satellite in January 2018, and the Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, spacecraft launches later in 2018 (https://www.nasa.gov/icon/). Together, they will provide the most comprehensive observations of the ionosphere we've ever had.
 
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/207598.jpg) (https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/4ionosphereinfographic.jpg)
The ionosphere is a region of charged particles in near-Earth space that coexists with the neutral gases in the upper atmosphere, which are sometimes shaped by weather events in the lower atmosphere.
Credits: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Duberstein

The two missions provide distinct but complementary perspectives: ICON, in low-Earth orbit, flies directly through and just above regions of interest, capturing detailed remote and in situ data on the forces that shape this area. GOLD, in geostationary orbit over the Western Hemisphere, will build up a full-disk view of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere every half hour, providing detailed large-scale measurements of related processes — a cadence which makes it the first mission to be able to monitor the true weather of the upper atmosphere, rather than the longer cycles of its climate. GOLD is also able to focus in on a tighter region and scan more quickly, to complement additional research plans as needed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnQhr2Bdk88 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnQhr2Bdk88)
(Video1 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnQhr2Bdk88) 2:25)
From its geostationary orbit, GOLD will have a continual view of Earth and its outer atmosphere. This visualization shows the view of Earth from GOLD. Because GOLD remains situated above the same geographic longitude, ICON will pass through its field of view. The two will take complementary measurements from different vantage points, making it easier to identify what caused a given change in the ionosphere.
Credits: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio
Download this video in HD formats from NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio (https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4503)
 
The missions could be likened to photography we're familiar with on Earth. GOLD specializes in landscapes from its view 22,000 miles above the planet's surface and ICON — at 350 miles above Earth — captures detailed close-ups. During parts of its orbit, ICON passes through GOLD's field of view and each mission will get a unique snapshot of the same region. This overlap in their data makes it easier to identify what caused a certain change to the upper atmosphere at a given time.

One shared goal for the missions is to systematically measure weather-related shifts in the upper atmosphere. For the first time, we'll be able to see how the upper atmosphere changes in response to hurricanes and geomagnetic storms alike.

"We used to think only solar wind could affect the ionosphere, and only the lower atmosphere was affected by terrestrial weather," said Doug Rowland, ICON mission scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The solar wind is the Sun's constant outflow of charged particles and magnetized material. "But now we're going to get to see how that energy couples together."

Several types of terrestrial weather events are of particular interest. Scientists from the University of California, Berkeley, for example, have developed a theoretical model of El Niño's repercussions on the ionosphere (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMSA34A..04I). Their model suggests El Niño-driven warming of the Pacific Ocean causes an increase in water vapor, which in turn increases the amount of solar energy the atmosphere absorbs. That added heat causes wind patterns to fluctuate and alter conditions in the ionosphere. Tropical cyclones (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JA022363/full) are also suspected to have effects on the ionosphere. Data from ICON and GOLD are expected to answer these questions and further reveal unanticipated mechanisms at work.

"There are huge scientific modeling efforts associated with both of these missions," said Sarah Jones, GOLD mission scientist at NASA Goddard. "We already have models that are filled with really good science, but these new measurements will lead to a better understanding of the physics in the models."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_MJDL2m_8w (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_MJDL2m_8w)
(Video2 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_MJDL2m_8w) 0:39)
Bright swaths of red and green, known as airglow, are visible in this time-lapse view of Earth's limb captured from the International Space Station. Airglow occurs when gases in the upper atmosphere become charged by the Sun's radiation, emitting light. By measuring the light from airglow, ICON and GOLD will learn a lot about the neutral and charged particles in the upper atmosphere.
Credits: NASA

In addition to working together to determine how different types of energy flow through the upper atmosphere, the two missions also have their own research objectives. GOLD's science focuses on observing what drives change — the Sun, Earth's magnetic field and the lower atmosphere — in the upper atmosphere. GOLD is particularly interested in how the upper atmosphere reacts to geomagnetic storms, which are temporary disturbances of Earth's magnetic field set off by solar activity. During nighttime, GOLD examines disruptions in the ionosphere — dense, unpredictable bubbles of charged gas that appear over the equator and tropics, sometimes interfering with radio communications.

On the other hand, ICON concentrates on how charged and neutral gases in the upper atmosphere behave and interact. Several forces — including shifts in neutral winds, pressure gradients and solar activity — act on the ionosphere simultaneously; ICON was designed to study each of them individually, making it easier for scientists to elucidate cause-and-effect relationships.

ICON and GOLD join a small fleet of spacecraft that study a vast interconnected system from the space surrounding Earth and other planets to the farthest limits of the Sun's constantly flowing streams of solar wind. A third mission in the fleet — the 16-year-old Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics, or TIMED, (https://www.nasa.gov/timed) will specifically complement the new efforts to study the upper atmosphere. TIMED, which launched in 2001, doesn't carry all the instruments necessary to analyze the motion of the particles in the upper atmosphere that ICON and GOLD bring to the effort, but it still can provide key measurements from a third vantage point to help scientists fill in pieces of the puzzle. Together they will provide key information about how Earth's upper atmosphere connects to the dynamic and complex system of space that fills our solar system.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208663.jpg) (https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/s72-40821.jpg)
The last time Earth's disk was seen in far-ultraviolet light was in 1972, during the Apollo 16 lunar landing mission. Astronaut John W. Young used a UV camera to take this photo of Earth from the moon. GOLD will have a continuous view of Earth's atmosphere in far-ultraviolet light, allowing scientists to see changes to the ionosphere and thermosphere that are otherwise invisible.
Credits: NASA

ICON and GOLD are Explorer-class missions. NASA Goddard manages the Explorer Program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. UC Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory developed the ICON mission and the two ultraviolet imaging spectrographs onboard; the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., developed the MIGHTI instrument; the University of Texas in Dallas developed the Ion Velocity Meter; and the ICON spacecraft was built by Orbital ATK in Dulles, Virginia.

GOLD is led by the University of Central Florida, and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder built the instrument. GOLD is a NASA mission of opportunity — an instrument hosted on an otherwise unrelated satellite. GOLD flies in geostationary orbit on a commercial communications satellite, SES-14, built by Airbus for Luxembourg-based satellite operator, SES. GOLD is the first NASA science mission to fly as a hosted payload on a commercial communications satellite.

NASA Goddard manages the TIMED mission for the Heliophysics Division within the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, built the spacecraft for NASA.

Related

[/li]
• Revolutions in Understanding the Ionosphere, Earth's Interface to Space (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/revolutions-in-understanding-the-ionosphere-earth-s-interface-to-space/)
• NASA's ICON Explores the Boundary Between Earth and Space (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/nasa-s-icon-explores-the-boundary-between-earth-and-space/)
• Earth's Ionosphere (https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12220)
  

By Micheala Sosby (mailto:micheala.m.sosby@nasa.gov?subject=ICON%20+%20GOLD)
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (https://www.nasa.gov/goddard), Greenbelt, Md.

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Last Updated: Jan. 4, 2018
Editor: Rob Garner

ЦитироватьNASA science hosted payload ready for launch
by Jeff Foust (http://spacenews.com/author/jeff-foust/) — January 5, 2018

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/155763.jpg)
The SES-14 satellite will carry NASA's Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) instrument as a hosted payload. Credit: Airbus Defence and Space

WASHINGTON — A NASA instrument to study the interaction of the Earth's upper atmosphere with space weather is ready for launch later this month as a payload on a commercial communications satellite.

The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission is a hosted payload on the SES-14 communications satellite, scheduled for launch Jan. 25 on an Ariane 5 rocket that will also carry the Al Yah 3 communications satellite. The satellite arrived at the spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, last month for launch preparations.

Спойлер

GOLD marks the first time NASA has flown a science mission as a hosted payload on a commercial satellite. Such payloads are designed to take advantage of excess payload capacity on commercial satellites to fly various communications, scientific and technology demonstration payloads for government agencies.

Hosted payloads offer, in theory, more frequent flight opportunities and at lower costs than dedicated spacecraft. In practice, though, only a handful of hosted payloads have flown for military and civil agencies to date because of the difficulties finding suitable satellite hosts and contractual challenges, among other issues.

For GOLD, a hosted payload made sense since the goal of the mission is to get a global view of conditions in the ionosphere as it interacts with the solar wind and geomagnetic storms, which is not possible with a satellite in low Earth orbit. "What we wanted to do is get the big picture," said Richard Eastes, principal investigator for GOLD at the University of Central Florida, during a Jan. 4 NASA briefing. "That lets us put things into context, things that we can't understand when we're just looking at one little piece."

With GOLD in geostationary orbit, he said, scientists will be able to see conditions in the ionosphere over an entire hemisphere, with observations planned for every half hour. "That allows us to follow the evolution in time, over the day, of the upper atmosphere," he said. By contrast, missions in low Earth orbit pass over different locations at different times of day, making it difficult to separate changes in geography with changes in time.

Eastes said a hosted payload on a communications satellite made the most sense for a mission like GOLD. "Communications companies are flying lots of satellites, so that was the place to go," he said. "So we started talking to some of the communications satellite companies, including SES."

Getting GOLD launched has been years in the making. "SES has been working with Richard and the GOLD team for the good part of a decade, dozens of people company-wide," said Todd Gossett, senior director of hosted payloads at SES Government Solutions, at the NASA briefing. "Now we finally get to realize the fruits of that labor."

Eastes and other scientists will have to wait a while after launch before getting data from GOLD. SES-14 is an all-electric satellite built by Airbus Defence and Space, and will take several months to reach its final position in geostationary orbit. Eastes said it will likely be late September or early October before GOLD starts operations.

Despite the challenges that hosted payloads have faced, Gossett played up the benefits, such as the steady stream of potential opportunities for payloads as well as the use of other satellite infrastructure, such as ground stations and mission control centers, to operate those payloads.

Gossett said SES, which has worked on several other hosted payloads, is learning to find ways to make the process more efficient, such as coordinating schedules and synchronizing contracts. "Every time we go through the process, we learn a little something on how to take that process and apply it forward," he said.

GOLD is not the only hosted payload science mission NASA has on the books. The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument, selected as part of NASA's Earth Venture program in 2012, is planned for launch no earlier than 2020 to measure air quality. The Geostationary Carbon Cycle Observatory (GeoCARB), selected by NASA as part of the Earth Venture program in late 2016, will measure vegetation and atmospheric carbon starting in the early 2020s. The host satellites for both TEMPO and GeoCARB have not yet been selected.

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Цитировать(https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-1/p50x50/23316647_1461073173939901_4313442050149307299_n.jpg?oh=a71e3083be21eff596c8d46c355ba8ce&oe=5AB799FE) (https://www.facebook.com/NASASunScience/?ref=nf&hc_ref=ARS3S3YxTTjwxQnF4JPbhDlpamkuL_eH7LhMf-2_ys2CAsD9oux667As4WZJgNAmq2I) NASA Sun Science (https://www.facebook.com/NASASunScience/?hc_ref=ARQi9qq9DHJvJVys2GXuTbIZjXqkkiYWY5M7CU8_CovMQD2KOnE4Ve07aRMMFibi1QM&fref=nf)
3 ч (https://www.facebook.com/NASASunScience/videos/1517020995011785/) ·

(https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t15.0-10/p526x395/24575144_1517138721666679_7662356414957879296_n.jpg?oh=a97b635c50d17ebb264c25d045575427&oe=5AE934CB)

GOLD is a new NASA science mission that launches in January 2018 to explore Earth's interface to space! On Jan. 4, NASA GOLD mission scientist Sarah Jones, GOLD principal investigator Richard Eastes, NASA heliophysicist C. Alex Young, and SES director of hosted payloads Todd Gossett shared details of GOLD's mission and why they're excited about this particular launch.

GOLD stands for Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk. It will inspect the dynamic region of near-Earth space where space and Earth's uppermost atmosphere meet, called the ionosphere. Historically difficult to observe, this is a little understood region that responds both to the lower atmosphere below and the tumult of space weather from above. GOLD is a hosted instrument roughly the size of a mini-fridge that will fly aboard a commercial communications satellite, SES-14 — and it's the first NASA science mission to do so.

We appreciate your patience with our live stream technical difficulties on Jan. 4. Here is the full show! Learn more about GOLD at nasa.gov/gold (http://nasa.gov/gold)

Video (https://www.facebook.com/NASASunScience/videos/vb.118107518236480/1517020995011785/?type=2&theater)

ЦитироватьWhy NASA Is Exploring The Edge Of Our Planet

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/220765.jpg) (https://www.youtube.com/user/NASAexplorer) NASA Goddard (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAY-SMFNfynqz1bdoaV8BeQ)

Опубликовано: 5 янв. 2018 г.

The Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, or GOLD, instrument launches aboard a commercial communications satellite in January 2018 to provide the most comprehensive observations of the ionosphere we've ever had.

Спойлер

Above the ozone layer, the ionosphere is a part of Earth's atmosphere where particles have been cooked into a sea of electrically-charged electrons and ions by the Sun's radiation. The ionosphere is co-mingled with the very highest — and quite thin — layers of Earth's neutral upper atmosphere, making this region an area that is constantly in flux undergoing the push-and-pull between Earth's conditions and those in space. Increasingly, these layers of near-Earth space are part of the human domain, as it's home not only to astronauts, but to radio signals used to guide airplanes and ships, and satellites that provide our communications and GPS systems. Understanding the fundamental processes that govern our upper atmosphere and ionosphere is crucial to improve situational awareness that helps protect astronauts, spacecraft and humans on the ground.

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ЦитироватьКомпания Airbus планирует запуск сразу нескольких инновационных спутников в 2018 году
В 2018 году компания Airbus планирует запуск сразу нескольких инновационных телекоммуникационных аппаратов: от крупных спутников высокой мощности с электрическими двигателями до компактных аппаратов массового производства, которые станут частью группировки из 900 спутников и позволят обеспечить широкополосным доступом в Интернет пользователей по всему миру.
Так, 25 января 2018 года состоится запуск телекоммуникационного спутника SES-14, сделанного компанией Airbus по заказу базирующегося в Люксембурге оператора SES. Космический аппарат весом четыре тонны был построен на платформе Eurostar (вариант E3000e) и использует электрическую двигательную установку для достижения геостационарной орбиты Земли.
Применение полностью электрических двигателей заменяет химическое топливо, которое чаще всего используется для выхода на орбиту и её сохранения после отделения от ракеты-носителя. Эта технологическая революция в сфере двигательных систем обладает рядом ощутимых преимуществ: при запуске половину массы спутника составляет химическое топливо, в то время как электрические двигатели делают спутник легче и позволяют перевозить больше полезной нагрузки.
Запуск в эксплуатацию полностью электрических двигателей Airbus
 Спутник SES-14 будет использоваться для различных задач на геостационарной орбите, таких как вещание кабельного телевидения, передача видео и других данных в Латинской Америке, обеспечение услуг связи самолетов и морских судов, резервирование базовых станций мобильной связи, предоставление широкополосного Интернета, обеспечение работы малых спутниковых земных станции (VSAT) для частных и государственных нужд.

Спойлер

Проекту SES-14 предшествовал успешный запуск спутника Eutelsat 172B летом 2017 года. Eutelsat 172B был построен Airbus для французского спутникового оператора Eutelsat и стал первым полностью электрифицированным телекоммуникационным спутником, созданным в Европе. Действующий спутник высокой мощности весом три с половиной тонны увеличил пропускную способность для быстрорастущих телекоммуникационных потребностей в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. Спутник используется для обеспечения связи самолетов и кораблей, резервирования базовых станций мобильной связи, корпоративной связи, передачи видео и данных государственных структур.
В 2018 году также состоится первый запуск серии мини-спутников OneWeb, что положит начало созданию группировки из 900 спутников на низкой околоземной орбите. OneWeb Satellites – совместный проект компаний Airbus и OneWeb. Основная цель глобальной телекоммуникационной компании OneWeb – обеспечить широкополосным доступом в Интернет пользователей по всему миру.
Серийное производство спутников OneWeb
 В 2017 году была открыта линия сборки в Тулузе (Франция), где также расположены основные производственные мощности компании Airbus. Предприятие занимает территорию в 4600 кв.м и будет осуществлять валидацию процессов сборки спутников OneWeb в беспрецедентных масштабах. Спутники OneWeb будут собираться на производственной линии с использованием современных технологий автоматизации и испытательного оборудования, которые позволят сократить время сборки.
Позднее на основе этого завода будет создано более крупного предприятия OneWeb в штате Флорида, США.
На стадии серийного производства спутники будут выводиться на орбиту каждый 21 день, что позволит обеспечить широкополосный доступ в Интернет пользователям по всей планете. Это будет самая масштабная кампания по запуску спутников в мире.
Производство мини-спутников OneWeb также установит новые стандарты в области экономической эффективности эксплуатации спутников, направленных на решение широкого спектра задач: от исследования Земля до обеспечения связи.

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ЦитироватьDutchSpace‏ @DutchSpace (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace) · 15m (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/955502955062538243)

Getting close to launch, logo's placed on the fairing #Ariane5 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ariane5?src=hash) #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) #CSG (https://twitter.com/hashtag/CSG?src=hash) @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) @NASAGOLD (https://twitter.com/NASAGOLD)

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/30754.jpg) Arianespace‏ @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) 7 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/Arianespace/status/956283864799997952)

#Ariane5 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ariane5?src=hash) is in the launch zone for #Arianespace (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Arianespace?src=hash)'s year-opening mission on January 25. Read the #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) Mission Update: http://bit.ly/2DzTF75  (https://t.co/mSvktgdgql)
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173280.jpg)

Цитировать01/26/2018 00:45  Stephen Clark
The Ariane 5's upper stage engine should have shut down after reaching orbit. But at this point there's no confirmation of this event.

 01/26/2018 00:44  Stephen Clark
The last update on the Ariane 5's progress occurred as the rocket's second stage ignited its HM7B main engine. There have been no announcements as the Ariane 5 was supposed to fly over downrange stations on Ascension Island, Gabon and Kenya.

 01/26/2018 00:40  Stephen Clark
There have been no updates in the last few minutes on the Ariane 5's altitude, downrange distance, or velocity. These data are normally provided as the rocket passes over downrange tracking stations.

 01/26/2018 00:36  Stephen Clark
Plus+15 minutes. This upper stage engine is about six minutes into a planned 16-minute burn.

 01/26/2018 00:30  Stephen Clark
The Ariane 5 has passed over the horizon from Kourou and is now out of range of the Galliot tracking station near the launch pad.

 01/26/2018 00:29  Stephen Clark
Plus+9 minutes, 15 seconds. The main cryogenic stage's Vulcain engine has cut off and the spent stage has separated. It will fall back into the atmosphere into the Atlantic Ocean in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa.
And the upper stage's HM7B engine is now firing to inject the SES 14 and Al Yah 3 satellites into orbit.

 01/26/2018 00:27  Stephen Clark
Plus+7 minutes, 30 seconds. Altitude is 200 km, downrange distance is 1,081 km. First stage shutdown is targeted for Plus+8 minutes, 51 seconds.

 01/26/2018 00:26  Stephen Clark
Plus+5 minutes, 45 seconds. Altitude is 182 km, downrange distance is 604 km.

 01/26/2018 00:24  Stephen Clark
Plus+3 minutes, 30 seconds. Separation of the rocket's nose cone has been confirmed. The Ariane 5 core stage will continue burning until about Plus+9 minutes into the mission.

 01/26/2018 00:23  Spaceflight Now
Plus+2 minutes, 30 seconds. A good separation of the Ariane 5's solid rocket boosters has been confirmed. The solid rocket motors burned a combined 480 metric tons of propellant in 2 minutes, 20 seconds.

 01/26/2018 00:22  Spaceflight Now
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/124405.jpg)

 01/26/2018 00:21  Spaceflight Now
Plus+30 seconds. The vehicle is on the proper heading as it rides the power of the twin solid rocket boosters and main stage liquid-fueled engine east from Kourou, French Guiana.

 01/26/2018 00:21  Spaceflight Now
Liftoff of an Ariane 5 rocket with SES 14 and Al Yah 3 on missions to make airplanes and ships more connected, improve trans-Atlantic communications and collect scientific data on Earth's upper atmosphere.

Цитировать01/26/2018 00:51 Stephen Clark
The next phase of the flight should be the jettison of the Sylda 5 dual payload adapter, followed by separation of the Al Yah 3 satellite at Plus+35 minutes, 7 seconds.

01/26/2018 00:50 Stephen Clark
Arianespace's launch commentator has announced separation of the SES 14 satellite, but the range operations director at the Jupiter control center has not made his customary announcements of second stage engine cutoff and spacecraft separation.

01/26/2018 00:48 Stephen Clark
Confirmation of the SES 14 satellite's separation was expected about a minute ago, but there's been no confirmation from telemetry.

Цитировать01/26/2018 00:55 Stephen Clark
Separation of the Al Yah 3 satellite was expected at this point. No confirmation has been announced by Arianespace or the CNES range operations director

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67530.jpg)  Spaceflight Now‏ @SpaceflightNow (https://twitter.com/SpaceflightNow)  1 мин.1 минуту назад (https://twitter.com/SpaceflightNow/status/956662338949734402)
We're awaiting confirmation of the Ariane 5's final spacecraft separation sequence, which should have occurred a few minutes ago. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/01/25/va-241-mission-status-center/ ... (https://t.co/k3yOZorE7F)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173022.jpg)

Цитировать01/26/2018 00:59 Stephen Clark
Arianespace has paused their live commentary on tonight's mission.

Цитировать01/26/2018 01:02 Stephen Clark
"We are awaiting confirmation of separation of the satellites," Arianespace's launch commentator Joshua Jampol said. "You will recall we didn't hear the DDO (range operations director).
"So we are waiting. Checking with the downrange station. You can see the teams in consultation."

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg) Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight) 17 сек.18 секунд назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/956664334033268737)
Chris B - NSF Ретвитнул(а) Michael Baylor
This isn't good. Again, could be telemetry. Doesn't mean the rocket's failed.
Chris B - NSF добавил(а),

Цитировать  (https://twitter.com/nextspaceflight/status/956663786844323840)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173034.jpg)  
 Michael Baylor @nextspaceflight
 В ответ @NASASpaceflight
Looks like there have been problems since first stage sep. Yellow is when they have solid telemetry. Probably just a technical problem, but still...

  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg) Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight) 1 мин.1 минуту назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/956664099949211649)
Chris B - NSF Ретвитнул(а) Stephen Clark
This would make a complete mockery of Arianespace's coverage.
Chris B - NSF добавил(а),

Цитировать  (https://twitter.com/StephenClark1/status/956663098483576832)
 Stephen Clark @StephenClark1
Indications here at the Guiana Space Center are that no telemetry from the rocket has been received since shortly after Ariane 5's first stage separated a few minutes after launch. https://twitter.com/SpaceflightNow/status/956662338949734402 ...

  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg) Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight) 4 мин.4 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/956663360044634113)
Well this is very unusual for Arianespace. Webcast is now in a hold. Hopefully this is just telemetry, data issues.
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173033.jpg)[/LIST]

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185973.jpg)  Caleb Henry‏ @CHenry_SN (https://twitter.com/CHenry_SN)
Unexpected pause of the webcast for #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash). Still no confirmation of Al Yah 3 separation, which was expected 35 minutes after liftoff.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185874.jpg)  Michael Baylor‏ @nextspaceflight (https://twitter.com/nextspaceflight)
There has not been telemetry since first stage separation according to the graph. How @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) confirmed the following events is a major question. Did they get bits of data? If it wasn't actually confirmed, that will make them look pretty bad, so hopefuly not.
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173035.jpg)

Цитировать01/26/2018 01:11 Stephen Clark
Live altitude, downrange distance and velocity updates stopped being reported here at the Jupiter control center at approximately Plus+9 minutes, 30 seconds. The range operations director in the control center confirmed ignition of the second stage's HM7B engine moments before that point.
The range operations director, or DDO, also announced the Galliot ground station here at the Guiana Space Center lost contact with the Ariane 5 rocket a few seconds after ignition of the second stage. That is about the point at which the Ariane 5 should have flown over the horizon as viewed from French Guiana.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67577.jpg)  Cosmic Penguin‏ @Cosmic_Penguin (https://twitter.com/Cosmic_Penguin)
 В ответ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight)
They do have about 30 s of telemetry from the 2nd stage and all parameters looked good at that time.

ЦитироватьStill no confirmation of Al Yah 3 separation,

Цитировать2 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/SpaceflightNow/status/956668247541248002)  
Arianespace CEO Stephane Israel has confirmed an anomaly occurred on today's launch. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/01/25/va-241-mission-status-center/ ... (https://t.co/k3yOZorE7F)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173036.jpg)

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg)  Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight)  2 мин.2 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/956668694876352512)
"We've had an anomaly". But not sure about the status of the satellites yet.
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173037.jpg)

ЦитироватьSalo пишет:
But not sure about the status of the satellites yet.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg)  Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight)  3 мин.3 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/956669504641171457)
The latest time an Ariane 5 had an anomaly was 2002 with Hot Bird 7, Stentor. Nothing but success since then.
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173028.jpg)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173020.jpg)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173021.jpg)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173023.jpg)

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg)  Chris B - NSF‏ @NASASpaceflight (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight)  1 мин.1 минуту назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/956670131236737024)
This could have major repercussions. James Webb Space Telescope springs to mind. Ariane 5 is not "just" a ComSat launcher.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185357.jpg)  Chris Marshall‏ @ChrisDMarshall (https://twitter.com/ChrisDMarshall)  5 мин.5 минут назад (https://twitter.com/ChrisDMarshall/status/956670534825193474)  
Could have a bigger impact on BepiColombo as I believe that has a tight launch window.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67530.jpg)  Spaceflight Now‏ @SpaceflightNow (https://twitter.com/SpaceflightNow)  5 мин.5 минут назад (https://twitter.com/SpaceflightNow/status/956670474335014918)
The last contact with the Ariane 5 rocket was a few seconds after the second stage's HM7B engine ignited, according to Arianespace. Ground teams have not made contact with the two commercial satellites carried on-board. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/01/25/va-241-mission-status-center/ ... (https://t.co/k3yOZorE7F)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/173038.jpg)

Цитировать01/26/2018 01:34 Stephen Clark
Here is the statement Arianespace chief executive Stephane Israel:
    "Ladies and gentlemen, I come to give you some information because we have had an anomaly on this launch. Indeed, we lost contact with the launcher a few seconds after ignition of the upper stage. At that time, we can consider that the upper composite and the satellite as being (inaudible). But as I said, we lost contact. Up to now, our customers do not have contact with the satellite. We need now some time to know if they have been separated, and where they are exactly ,to better analyze the consequences of this anomaly."
    "I want to present my deepest excuses to our customers, who have entrusted us one more time. We know that there is no launch with no risk. We know that launch is always difficult, and tonight Ariane 5 has had an anomaly, so lets take time now to better understand the situation of the satellites."
    "Arianespace, in full transparency, will come back to you to provide you with some more information as soon as we have them. I apologize on behalf of Arianespace."

01/26/2018 01:28 Stephen Clark
"We have had an anomaly on this launch," said Stephane Israel, Arianespace's chief executive.
Israel said controllers last received telemetry from the Ariane 5 shortly after ignition of the second stage's HM7B engine, which occurred around 9 minutes after liftoff.

ЦитироватьHere are some statistics on tonight's launch:

    241st launch of an Ariane rocket since 1979
    295th Arianespace mission
    97th launch of an Ariane 5 rocket since 1996
    65th launch of an Ariane 5 ECA rocket since 2002
    72nd flight of a Vulcan 2 engine
    197th flight of an HM7B engine
    83rd Ariane 5 launch targeting GTO
    53rd satellite for SES launched by Arianespace
    119th Airbus-built satellite launched by Arianespace
    2nd satellite for Yahsat launched by Arianespace
    27th Orbital ATK-built satellite launched by Arianespace
    1st launch from the Guiana Space Center in 2018
    1st Ariane 5 launch in 2018

Цитироватьuncle_jew пишет:
При этом эта мерзкая компания вовсю поддерживается европейскими налогоплательщиками.

Цитироватьuncle_jew пишет:
Ariane показали себя лжецами и позорниками.

Показывали анимацию работающей верхней ступени, когда телеметрии с неё давно уже не было. "Full transparency", my ass.

Потом ещё и прямую трансляцию отрубили, хотя трансляция во время "аномалии" - самое интересное.

При этом эта мерзкая компания вовсю поддерживается европейскими налогоплательщиками.

Цитироватьinstml пишет: 

Вы таки европейский налогоплательщик?

Даже несмотря на эту аварию, Ариан-5 одна из самых надёжных РН нашего мира.

ЦитироватьAriane 5 (http://www.arianespace.com/press-releases/?taxonomy%5Bpress-release-category%5D=ariane-5) | January 25, 2018

Ariane 5 launch VA241 for SES-14 and Al Yah 3: Update

The launcher's liftoff took place on January 25, 2018 at 7:20 pm. A few seconds after ignition of the upper stage, the second tracking station located in Natal, Brazil, did not acquire the launcher telemetry. This lack of telemetry lasted throughout the rest of powered flight. Subsequently, both satellites were confirmed separated, acquired and they are on orbit. SES-14 and Al Yah 3 are communicating with their respective control centers. Both missions are continuing.

ЦитироватьArianespace Flight VA241 - Launch Sequence

 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/220938.jpg)  (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRn9F2D9j-t4A-HgudM7aLQ) arianespace (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRn9F2D9j-t4A-HgudM7aLQ)

Опубликовано: 25 янв. 2018 г.

ЦитироватьРакета Ariane 5 вывела на орбиту спутники, несмотря на потерю связи
ТАСС, 26 января. Ракета Ariane 5 французской компании Arianespace вывела на орбиту спутники, несмотря на потерю связи с ней. Об этом в пятницу сообщила пресс-служба компании на своем сайте (http://www.arianespace.com/).
"Отсутствие связи после воспламенения верхней ступени продолжалось на протяжении всей остальной части полета. Оба спутника успешно отделились от ракеты, находятся на орбите и поддерживают связь с соответствующими центрами управления. Миссии обоих аппаратов продолжаются", - говорится в сообщении пресс-службы.
Ранее компания Arianespace заявила о потере связи с ракетой-носителем Ariane 5.
Ракета Ariane 5 с двумя телекоммуникационными спутниками, люксембургским SES 14 и принадлежащим ОАЭ Al Yah 3, была запущена в четверг с космодрома Куру во Французской Гвиане в 19:20 (01:20 пятницы по мск). Спутник SES 14 также выполняет миссию Национального управления США по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства (NASA) GOLD (Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, "Наблюдения лимба и диска в глобальном масштабе" )  по изучению изменений в верхней атмосфере Земли. В NASA сообщили, что это первая научная миссия организации с размещением аппаратуры в качестве полезной нагрузки на коммерческом аппарате. Это также и первый пуск в 2018 году для Arianespace.

ЦитироватьPirat5 пишет:
Я ожидал подрыва ракеты при отсутствии с ней коннекта.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185988.jpg)  Peter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes)  4 мин.4 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/956776436588834816)
Good news, but still waiting for sat builder/owner word on exact orbits of the satellites. Whether this mission is a success or something less than that hangs in the balance.

ЦитироватьThe satellites are in orbit and have communicated with their control centers, Arianespace announced. But it's not clear yet what orbits they're in. If they're in the wrong spots, these satellites may not be able to do their jobs — though it's possible they could course-correct.

ЦитироватьBenny пишет:
Оба спутника живы и здоровы, на правильных орбитах.

ЦитироватьPirat5 пишет:
Но, видать, не работал и канал приёма сигнала самоуничтожения...

ЦитироватьSES-14 owner @SES_Satellites: Off-target dropoff from @ArianeGroup @Arianespace Ariane 5 means all-electric propulsion to take 4 weeks longer than planned to get to GEO. Sat in good health, no other issues. Still awaiting word from @OrbitalATK & @yahsatofficial on Al Yah 3.

https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/956810114207543296

Sounds like the orbit is off target, although probably not by much if the extra time to GEO is "only" 4 weeks for an all ion thruster powered satellite.Вс

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186185.jpg) SES‏Подлинная учетная запись @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) 33 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites/status/956814210297749504)

SES announces it has successfully established connection with SES-14 and that the spacecraft is in good health and on track despite launch anomaly experienced on @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-14-good-health-and-track-despite-launch-anomaly ... (https://t.co/IWmEuY5Uoq)

ЦитироватьSES-14 in good health and on track despite launch anomaly
Written on 26 Jan 2018

Following Ariane-5 launch anomaly, SES has successfully established connection with SES-14

Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, 26 January 2018 – Following the anomaly that occurred during the launch on an Ariane 5 rocket last night, SES announces that it has successfully established a telemetry and telecommand connection to its SES-14 spacecraft and is setting up a new orbit raising plan now. SES-14 would thus reach the geostationary orbit only four weeks later than originally planned. SES confirms that the spacecraft is in good health, all subsystems on board are nominal, and the satellite is expected to meet the designed life time.

SES-14 will be positioned at 47.5 degrees West to serve Latin America, the Caribbean, North America and the North Atlantic region with C- and Ku-band wide beam coverage and Ku-band high throughput spot beam coverage.

ЦитироватьPeter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) · 2m (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/956823468246470656)

All-electric @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) SES-14 had been set to reach GEO orbit in July. 1-month delay due to @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) Ariane 5 launch-injection anomaly now means August.

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Бедная редакция НК. И так в январе уже 11 запусков. Навреное, рекорд за многие годы.
Да ещёдва из них какие-то мистические :D

Цитировать....was off the nominal trajectory and the ground telemetry stations were tracking to the planned trajectory, the contact might have been lost just because the stage was too far from where the ground stations were tracking.

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Вот, мне кажется, наиболее реальная версия того что произошло

Цитироватьhttp://tass.ru/kosmos/4904565

Цитировать"Отсутствие связи после воспламенения верхней ступени продолжалось на протяжении всей остальной части полета."

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Тут просто корявый перевод

Цитироватьhe entries [ 43174 ] did not have TLEs or were not valid.

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
и с аппаратом NASA

Цитироватьpnetmon пишет:

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Бедная редакция НК. И так в январе уже 11 запусков. Навреное, рекорд за многие годы.
Да ещёдва из них какие-то мистические  :D  

Больше купят журнал. Прям интересно что напишут про Зуму...

ЦитироватьAl Yah 3 owner @yahsatofficial says satellite is making its way to GEO orbit, but co is silent on orbital position & fuel budget. @OrbitalATK sat uses chemical propellant to get to GEO, then electric prop for stationkeeping during 15-yr life.

ЦитироватьPIN пишет:
Pirat5 пишет:
Но, видать, не работал и канал приёма сигнала самоуничтожения...
А с чего вы взяли, что должен был быть "подрыв ракеты"?

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Бггг.. на http://space.skyrocket.de/ уже пометили как 2018-F01

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
NORAD пока не видит

ЦитироватьPirat5 пишет:
У Маска есть, а на Ариане нету? или условия для "подрыва ракеты" не созрели?

ЦитироватьPeter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) · 2m (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/956858109716303873)

Ariane 5 rocket suffers 2 launch anomalies, telemetry & orbit injection; impact on @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) appears minimal; unclear for @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial) . Advice to @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) @ArianeGroup (https://twitter.com/ArianeGroup) webcast watchers: Keep eyes on metrics on bottom & upper-right of screen.

ЦитироватьLeroy пишет:

Цитироватьpnetmon пишет:

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Бедная редакция НК. И так в январе уже 11 запусков. Навреное, рекорд за многие годы.
Да ещёдва из них какие-то мистические  :D  

Больше купят журнал. Прям интересно что напишут про Зуму...

Осталось выяснить, где он продается...

ЦитироватьLiss пишет:

ЦитироватьLeroy пишет:

Цитироватьpnetmon пишет:

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
Бедная редакция НК. И так в январе уже 11 запусков. Навреное, рекорд за многие годы.
Да ещёдва из них какие-то мистические  :D  

Больше купят журнал. Прям интересно что напишут про Зуму...

Осталось выяснить, где он продается...

В ларьке у главной проходной ЦНИИмаш...
Про Зуму -- если наблюдатели не найдут, то про то, как ее отканопусили.
12-й старт января, и 13-й грядет. Воистину рекорд за весь отчетный период.

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/29242.jpg) DutchSpace‏ @DutchSpace (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace) 5 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/956818025398841344)

Thread: Attempt at some #Ariane5 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ariane5?src=hash) #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) analysis: Events: AOS for Natal tracking station was planned for 06m41sec - Looked Nominal ESC-A ignition was planned for 09m01sec - Looked Nominal Natal tracking of ESC-A continued until 09m28sec after which tracking/downlink seemed lost.
(https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DUdMozSX0AAKxz3.jpg)

Спойлер

(https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DUdMsM9X0AAl3TC.jpg)
(https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DUdMtgWWAAAjnJq.jpg)

[свернуть]

ЦитироватьThe mission experienced some challenges during the launch stages which resulted in the Al Yah 3 satellite being ins erted in to an orbit that differed from the flight plan. Thereafter, the satellite was successfully acquired by Yahsat and the satellite is healthy and operating nominally. A revised flight plan will be executed in order to achieve the operational orbit and fulfil the original mission.

ЦитироватьPeter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) · 16m (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/956901190041853953)

Launch provider @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) @ArianeGroup (https://twitter.com/ArianeGroup) says independent inquiry board created to investigate 'trajectory deviation' that placed @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) & @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial) sats in sub-optimal orbits, but that launch schedule's continuing as planned.

ЦитироватьTiamat пишет:
 Если за весь отчетный период то вроде в 78м 13 стартов было в январе, а так в месяц и по 15 было.

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
A,B, D - это два спутника + переходник.
С - похоже сама ступень, которая даже сделала манёвр увода после отделения спутников  :D  

Бггг... как они на такую орбиту попали.
Такое ощущение, что они с самого начала ошиблись с азимутом пуска на 20 градусов и никто не заметил?  :o

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)  Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589)  2 мин.2 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/956944131175088129)
Too early to tell, but this smells to me like a software/input data error could be the culprit - it's hard to make the hardware fail in such a way as to get the right heights but the wrong inclination
 
  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)  Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589)  4 мин.4 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/956943681986203648)  
So - very bad, but much much less bad than falling in the ocean
 
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)  Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589)  4 мин.4 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/956943543175667719)  
I characterize this as a major anomaly, but I score it a partial success for launch vehicle statistics - the orbit is usable, but will require several years worth of satellite stationkeeping propellant to get the payloads to the right final orbit
 
  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)  Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589)  7 мин.7 минут назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/956942816655040513)  
TLEs are out - the Ariane objects are in 230 x 43160 km x 20 degree geotransfer instead of the intended 250 x 45000 x 3 deg, so inclination totally off but height pretty much fine

ЦитироватьЕвропейский конкурент «Протона» впервые за 15 лет промахнулся
Европейская тяжелая ракета Ariane 5, несмотря на потерю связи с носителем, вывела на нецелевые орбиты коммуникационные спутники SES-14 и Al Yah 3, сообщает BBC News.
Хотя заказчики пуска установили связь с космическими аппаратами, последним потребуется довыведение на целевые орбиты. На это у SES-14, оснащенного электрическими двигателями, уйдет примерно месяц, что не повлияет на ожидаемое время службы спутника (15 лет). Ситуация с Al Yah 3, работающим на химических двигателях, неизвестна.

Спойлер

Ракету Ariane 5 с двумя аппаратами запустили 26 января в 01:20 мск с космодрома Куру (Французская Гвиана). Полет шел в штатном режиме, в том числе планово отделилась первая ступень и заработал двигатель HM7B второй ступени. Однако на десятой минуте пропала телеметрия с Ariane 5.

[свернуть]

Ход пуска транслировал оператор Arianespace в прямом эфире. Несмотря на отсутствие сигнала с Ariane 5, комментатор продолжал отчитываться об успешном прохождении ракетой контрольных точек полета. Генеральный директор Arianespace Стефан Израэль принес извинения заказчикам за отсутствие телеметрии с ракеты.
Причины неполадок выясняются. Частично удачный пуск ракеты, а также ход освещения Arianespace полета носителя (заявлялось о штатном полете при фактически обратной ситуации) грозят европейскому оператору репутационными потерями. На 2018 год запланировано минимум еще 6 пусков Ariane 5.
Спутник Al Yah 3 создан американской компанией Orbital ATK для оператора Al Yah Satellite Communications из ОАЭ. Космический аппарат предназначен для обеспечения широкополосным интернетом и передачи данных для пользователей в Африке и Бразилии.
Спутник SES-14 создан компанией Airbus для оператора люксембургского SES. Космический аппарат должен обеспечить связь в Северной и Южной Америке, а также над Северной Атлантикой. Платформа SES-14 включает нагрузку GOLD (Global-Scale Observations of Limb and Disk) в интересах НАСА.

Спойлер

Первый пуск Ariane 5 состоялся в 1996 году, из 95 ее стартов два считаются неудачными и три, включая последний, — частично удачными. Ранее неполадки происходили в первые шесть лет эксплуатации носителя. Конкурентами Ariane 5 на рынке коммерческих пусков считается российский «Протон-М», а также американские Falcon 9 и Atlas 5.

[свернуть]

ЦитироватьLaunch VA241: Ariane 5 delivers SES-14 and Al Yah 3 to orbit
SES and Yahsat have confirmed that both satellites (SES-14 and Al Yah 3) have been acquired and are operating in orbit nominally, despite a trajectory deviation experienced during VA241 launch.

The upcoming launch campaigns currently underway at the Guiana Space Centre (CSG) proceed as scheduled.

Arianespace has set up an independent enquiry commission in conjunction with ESA.

Lift off occurred as planned at 19:20 local time in Kourou on January 25 2018. At H0 + 9 minutes 26 seconds, ground tracking stations lost contact with the Ariane 5 launcher.

Initial investigations show that the situation results from a trajectory deviation.

At the end of the mission, the launcher separated both satellites on a stable orbit. SES and Yahsat have acquired their respective satellites which are operating nominally.

Arianespace has set up an independent investigation commission chaired by ESA's General Inspector.

The upcoming launch campaigns currently underway at the Guiana Space Centre (CSG) proceed as scheduled.

Цитироватьche wi пишет:
43174 / 2018-012A: 232 x 43163 км, 20.6°
43175 / 2018-012B: 232 x 43198 км, 20.6°
43176 / 2018-012C: 169 x 42790 км, 21.0°
43177 / 2018-012D: 235 x 43153 км, 20.6°

Целевая орбита (согласно пресс-релизу (http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/flight-va241-arianespace-to-launch-ses-14-and-al-yah-3-for-ses-and-yahsat-to-serve-their-ambitious-goals/) ): 250 х 45000 км, 3°

ЦитироватьApollo13 пишет:

Цитироватьche wi пишет:
43174 / 2018-012A: 232 x 43163 км, 20.6°
43175 / 2018-012B: 232 x 43198 км, 20.6°
43176 / 2018-012C: 169 x 42790 км, 21.0°
43177 / 2018-012D: 235 x 43153 км, 20.6°

Целевая орбита (согласно пресс-релизу (http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/flight-va241-arianespace-to-launch-ses-14-and-al-yah-3-for-ses-and-yahsat-to-serve-their-ambitious-goals/) ): 250 х 45000 км, 3°

Планировалсь ГПО-1464 получилась ГПО-1633. Мне кажется грех жаловаться (https://www.reddit.com/r/spacex/wiki/launches/gto_performance) .

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:

ЦитироватьApollo13 пишет:

Цитироватьche wi пишет:
43174 / 2018-012A: 232 x 43163 км, 20.6°
43175 / 2018-012B: 232 x 43198 км, 20.6°
43176 / 2018-012C: 169 x 42790 км, 21.0°
43177 / 2018-012D: 235 x 43153 км, 20.6°

Целевая орбита (согласно пресс-релизу (http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/flight-va241-arianespace-to-launch-ses-14-and-al-yah-3-for-ses-and-yahsat-to-serve-their-ambitious-goals/) ): 250 х 45000 км, 3°

Планировалсь ГПО-1464 получилась ГПО-1633. Мне кажется грех жаловаться (https://www.reddit.com/r/spacex/wiki/launches/gto_performance) .

Э... Не все так просто. Перицентр не лежит в узле орбиты. Т.е аргумент перицентра где-то в районе 15 градусов. Так что реально нужно больше ХС. На пальцах не посчитаешь сколько точно

ЦитироватьПрол пишет:
 кто еще продержался без аварий 15 (!) лет.

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет: 
Э... Не все так просто. Перицентр не лежит в узле орбиты. Т.е аргумент перицентра где-то в районе 15 градусов. 

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
 Так что по ,видимому, Ариан с самого начала не тем азимутом полетела  :)

ЦитироватьСтарый пишет:
Сколько Мартеля Маск налил автопилоту?

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/29242.jpg)  DutchSpace‏ @DutchSpace (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace)  23 мин.23 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/957024803474550786)
Well they say an a picture is worth a thousand words, I'm calling it an EPC issue after seeing this video, shot from the beach in Kourou #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) it shouldnt pass overhead like that AFAIK, video via Bonas Juliana and you can compare with this one https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=924tDXnilso ... (https://youtu.be/924tDXnilso?t=77)

https://twitter.com/i/videos/957024803474550786

ЦитироватьAriane 5 Failure

Ariane 5 ECA vehicle number L5101 boosted two communication satellites toward planned geosynchronous transfer orbits from Kourou on January 25, 2018. Arianespace Mission VA241 began with a 22:20 UTC liftoff from from ELA-3. It was slated to end about 35 minutes later with insertion and separation of the SES-14 and Al Yah 3 communication satellites into supersynchronous transfer orbits. However, shortly after the ESC-A second stage ignited, telemetry from the vehicle was lost, and not regained during the remainder of the scheduled flight. 

After a delay, Arianespace announced that "both satellites were confirmed separated, acquired and ... on orbit". SES-14 and Al Yah 3 were reported to be communicating with their control centers, but no confirmation was given that they had achieved their planned orbits. Hours later, Arianespace and SES confirmed that an incorrect, but still unspecified, orbit had been achieved. Later still, tracking data showed objects in roughly 232 x 43,160 km x 20.64 deg orbits, far from the planned 250 x 45,234 km x 3.00 deg orbits. Some evidence suggested that the trajectory deviation may have begun with an off-azimuth ascent that became apparent shortly after liftoff, even before the solid boosters separated. 

The deviation may require roughly 150-200 m/s extra delta-v from the satellites to reach their operational geostationary orbits, likely using up significant amounts of operational lifetime. SES-14 would likely be less affected than Al Yah 3 since it is equipped with an efficient primary electric thruster system. Al Yah 3 itself has electric station keeping thrusters. 

The failure follows 63 consecutive Ariane 5 ECA successes dating back to 2002.

The 54.8 meter tall, 780 tonne rocket rose on 1.325 tonnes of liftoff thrust provided by two EAP solid boosters and a Vulcain 2 powered EPC cryogenic core. L5101's two boosters burned out and separated 2 min 24 sec after liftoff. The core stage shut down 8 min 44 sec after liftoff, having ignited 7 sec before liftoff. After a 10 second coast, the ESC-A upper stage was to begin its single 18 min 74 sec burn to reach the 250 x 45,000 km x 3 deg insertion orbit. 

SES-14, a 4,423 kg Airbus Defence and Space satellite, separated first. It would provide multiple communications services to the Americas and Western Europe from its geostationary perch at 47.5 deg West. SES-14 hosted a NASA payload named Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD). GOLD is an ultraviolet imaging spectrograph that would image Earth's disk. 

Al Yah 3, a 3,795 kg Orbital ATK satellite, separated from the lower position after the Sylda 5 adapter had separated. Al Yah 3 would serve Brazil and Africa from 20 deg West.

The relatively light 8,218 kg total payload allowed for the higher planned apogee transfer orbit. 

It was the year's first Ariane 5 launch, and the 65th Ariane 5 ECA flight since the type began flying in 2002.

Цитировать: у оператора, отвечающего за безопасность, ничто не ушло в "красную зону" до тех пор, пока он мог и должен был отреагировать.

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
Отказ (уход) ИНС?

ЦитироватьСкорей ракету перепутали

Цитировать кто-то впечатлился этим романом и сунул топор

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
Так им не с чем путать.

Цитироватьтого же BepiColombo например

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:

2018-012B 43175 SES 14 783.17min 20.56° 43200km 334km

SES14 начал уже подъём орбиты

ЦитироватьСтарый пишет:

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
 Так что по ,видимому, Ариан с самого начала не тем азимутом полетела  :)  

Получается что она пролетела прямо над головами жителей Куру и Кайены? Представляю как они там опешили.  :)  

ЦитироватьThe photos and videos taken from the city Kourou showing the rocket passing nearly in front of the moon can indeed provide a very good indication of how far the trajectory was from the town.

Mooncalc.org give 82.77deg moon elevation at launch time, just North. The YouTube video shows this happening at approximately 1min11 sec after launch, and at that time the altitude was 15 km.

15km*cos(82.77deg) = 1.9 km so the rocket trajectory likely passed less than 2 km from the city of Kourou!

Цитировать so the rocket trajectory likely passed less than 2 km from the city of Kourou!

Цитировать Кадр из веб-трансляции

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:

ЦитироватьКадр из веб-трансляции

ЦитироватьКак правильно вставить изображение

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
А все-таки, независмый источник навигационных данных есть в телеметрической системе арианы?

ЦитироватьPIN пишет:

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
А все-таки, независмый источник навигационных данных есть в телеметрической системе арианы?

На Веге в составе СУ нет, даже только для ТМИ на большинстве пусков тоже нет. Насколько помню, на А5 тоже нет - ИНС необходимую заказчикам точность обеспечивает. Аналогичный эксперименту на "Веге" не в счет http://elib.dlr.de/105403/1/Paper_JAE2015_OCAM-G_20160728.pdf

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
но не знал, как к этому относиться.

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
. Спасибо.

Цитировать"rumors from French forum that launch program was ok but IMU was initialized with wrong data."

ЦитироватьОси координат не так выставили

ЦитироватьSGS_67 пишет:

Перигей спутника AL YAH 3 к настоящему времени удалось поднять до 238 км.
 http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=43174

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
"rumors from French forum that launch program was ok but IMU was initialized with wrong data."

ЦитироватьСледует также отметить особенность миссии Ariane 5, которая заключалась в том, чтобы запустить на орбиту GTO супер-синхронно два спутника. Это был первый раз, что Ariane-5 была направлена эта орбита передачи наклона возможностями : высота l'пике (https://z5h64q92x9.net/proxy_u/fr-ru.ru/https/www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/univers-apogee-853/) орбиты, упомянутое был 45000 км (вместо 35.786 км стандарт), в то время как наклон прицеливания была на 3° (вместо 6°). Эта орбита является результатом оптимизации, которые имели целью уменьшить время на пост-спутников, из-propulsions спутников, электромобиль, для СВОИХ-14 и гибрид для Al Yah 3. Эта орбита требует маневра, сложной, так называемые dog leg. Она заключается в том, чтобы вновь направить гранатомет в правильном направлении, поскольку необходимо остановить привод именно на такой степени, что перигея (https://z5h64q92x9.net/proxy_u/en-ru.ru/https/www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/univers-perigee-874/) либо на экваторе (напомним, что верхний этаж ESC-A Ariane 5 не réallumable).

Цитироватьсложный маневр

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
dog leg. это примерно похоже на перестроение на автомобильной дороге )

ЦитироватьZOOR пишет:
Насколько я понял автоперевод с французского
 https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/actualites/ariane-5-ariane-5-mission-pas-si-ratee-cela-65639/

что-то с программой движения намудрили

ЦитироватьСледует также отметить особенность миссии Ariane 5, которая заключалась в том, чтобы запустить на орбиту GTO супер-синхронно два спутника. Это был первый раз, что Ariane-5 была направлена эта орбита передачи наклона возможностями : высота l' пике (https://z5h64q92x9.net/proxy_u/fr-ru.ru/https/www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/univers-apogee-853/) орбиты, упомянутое был 45000 км (вместо 35.786 км стандарт), в то время как наклон прицеливания была на 3° (вместо 6°). Эта орбита является результатом оптимизации, которые имели целью уменьшить время на пост-спутников, из-propulsions спутников, электромобиль, для СВОИХ-14 и гибрид для Al Yah 3. Эта орбита требует маневра, сложной, так называемые dog leg . Она заключается в том, чтобы вновь направить гранатомет в правильном направлении, поскольку необходимо остановить привод именно на такой степени, что перигея (https://z5h64q92x9.net/proxy_u/en-ru.ru/https/www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/definitions/univers-perigee-874/) либо на экваторе (напомним, что верхний этаж ESC-A Ariane 5 не réallumable).

Что там за "сложный маневр" реализовывали?

ЦитироватьPIN пишет:

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:
"rumors from French forum that launch program was ok but IMU was initialized with wrong data."

Звучит весьма правдоподобно. Но самый лучший комментарий был на этот счет на NSF ( http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=42215.msg1778682#msg1778682 )


 Some people here still seem unable to accept the true level of Russian-style incompetence involved in this incident, probably because of the previous 82 successful launches. Actually, the good record of Ariane 5 is probably the reason for the fiasco. People get sloppy in their work after years of success. ULA take note!

ЦитироватьАндрей Суворов пишет:

ЦитироватьSGS_67 пишет:

Перигей спутника AL YAH 3 к настоящему времени удалось поднять до 238 км.
 http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=43174

Это не "удалось поднять", а сам поднялся из-за возмущений. У какого-то из "Меридианов", нештатно выведенного, тоже перигей был очень низкий, а потом сам собой немного поднялся. Иногда несферичность формы Земли может сыграть и на руку.

Цитироватьopinion пишет:

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:

ЦитироватьКадр из веб-трансляции

Как правильно вставить изображение?

ЦитироватьSGS_67 пишет:

ЦитироватьАндрей Суворов пишет:

ЦитироватьSGS_67 пишет:

Перигей спутника AL YAH 3 к настоящему времени удалось поднять до 238 км.
 http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=43174

Это не "удалось поднять", а сам поднялся из-за возмущений. У какого-то из "Меридианов", нештатно выведенного, тоже перигей был очень низкий, а потом сам собой немного поднялся. Иногда несферичность формы Земли может сыграть и на руку.

Андрей, это сопровождалось бы существенным понижением апогея.

Я такого не заметил что-то...
Хоть и плотно не следил, но, мсм, там всё в рамках атмосферного торможения.

ЦитироватьЧебурашка пишет:

ЦитироватьApollo13 пишет:

Цитироватьche wi пишет:
43174 / 2018-012A: 232 x 43163 км, 20.6°
43175 / 2018-012B: 232 x 43198 км, 20.6°
43176 / 2018-012C: 169 x 42790 км, 21.0°
43177 / 2018-012D: 235 x 43153 км, 20.6°

Целевая орбита (согласно пресс-релизу (http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/flight-va241-arianespace-to-launch-ses-14-and-al-yah-3-for-ses-and-yahsat-to-serve-their-ambitious-goals/) ): 250 х 45000 км, 3°

Планировалсь ГПО-1464 получилась ГПО-1633. Мне кажется грех жаловаться (https://www.reddit.com/r/spacex/wiki/launches/gto_performance) .

Э... Не все так просто. Перицентр не лежит в узле орбиты. Т.е аргумент перицентра где-то в районе 15 градусов. Так что реально нужно больше ХС. На пальцах не посчитаешь сколько точно

ЦитироватьАндрей Суворов пишет: 

ЦитироватьSGS_67 пишет: 

ЦитироватьАндрей Суворов пишет: 

ЦитироватьSGS_67 пишет: 

Перигей спутника AL YAH 3 к настоящему времени удалось поднять до 238 км.
http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=43174 

Это не "удалось поднять", а сам поднялся из-за возмущений. У какого-то из "Меридианов", нештатно выведенного, тоже перигей был очень низкий, а потом сам собой немного поднялся. Иногда несферичность формы Земли может сыграть и на руку.

Андрей, это сопровождалось бы существенным понижением апогея.

Я такого не заметил что-то...
Хоть и плотно не следил, но, мсм, там всё в рамках атмосферного торможения.

Не, при таких пертурбациях большая полуось сохраняется, апогей понижается на столько же километров, на сколько повышается перигей,

Цитировать ну, плюс понижается за счёт атмосферного торможения. Поскольку первая орбита была с перигеем 232, разница в 6 км - это явно не продукт работы двигателей, а чистая гравитация.

ЦитироватьApollo13 пишет:
SES-14 would likely be less affected than Al Yah 3 since it is equipped with an efficient primary electric thruster system. Al Yah 3 itself has electric station keeping thrusters.

ЦитироватьАндрей Суворов пишет:

ЦитироватьУ какого-то из "Меридианов", нештатно выведенного, тоже перигей был очень низкий, а потом сам собой немного поднялся. Иногда несферичность формы Земли может сыграть и на руку.

Цитироватьopinion пишет:
Во время одного из американских выходов в открытый космос, кажется для починки системы охлаждения, астронавтам нужно было что-то сфотографировать. Никак не получалось и один из астронавтов сказал по-русски "камера не работает". А капком, тоже по русски, ответил "Понял".

ЦитироватьAl Yah 3 есть "Liquid bi-propellant transfer orbit system".

ЦитироватьSerge V Iz пишет:
может быть, потому, что это "немногоразовый" апогейный движок? сейчас надо крепко почесать репу, когда и как его задействовать?

ЦитироватьНе, пыхать им ( IHI BT-4 ) можно пока топливо не кончится.

ЦитироватьPIN пишет:
Пишут, ПЗ кривое

En cause, une erreur d'azimut, qui, selon des sources concordantes, se situe au niveau du programme de vol.

 https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/l-incroyable-rate-d-arianegroup-lors-du-lancement-d-ariane-5-va241-766533.html

ЦитироватьContrairement aux lancements précédents, il n'y pas eu de double contrôle de la part d'Arianespace en raison de la volonté de réduire les doublons entre les deux sociétés. 

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185421.jpg) Spaceflight101‏ @Spaceflight101 (https://twitter.com/Spaceflight101) 3 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/Spaceflight101/status/958535890279813121)

Figuring out the #Ariane5 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/Ariane5?src=hash) #VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) Anomaly - http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/ariane-5-va241-anomaly-analysis/ ... (https://t.co/5i7SUWXyAg)

Цитировать

Figuring out the Ariane 5 VA241 Anomaly

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151932.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/va241-launch3.jpg)
Arianespace/ESA/CNES/Optique Video du CSG

Europe's Ariane 5 lifted off on its 97th mission at 22:20:07 UTC on January 25, 2018 fr om the ELA-3 launch site at the Guiana Space Center. The mission suffered what Arianespace described as a "trajectory deviation" when the 55-meter tall rocket apparently flew to an improper launch azimuth fr om the very beginning of its climb toward orbit.

Спойлер

It since transpired – per reports from La Tribune (https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/l-incroyable-rate-d-arianegroup-lors-du-lancement-d-ariane-5-va241-766533.html) and Le Figaro (http://www.lefigaro.fr/sciences/2018/01/30/01008-20180130ARTFIG00149-ariane-5-une-erreur-humaine-a-l-origine-de-la-mauvaise-trajectoire.php) – that Ariane 5 launched with an improper flight program, sending the rocket on the wrong azimuth and dangerously close to the French Guiana Coast Line. The article also reports that the VA241 mission was the first time ArianeGroup, a venture between Airbus & Safran, controlled the launcher until the countdown reached zero. According to multiple sources, this transition came with the elimination of a double-checking of Ariane's flight program before liftoff in an effort to reduce cost.

Figuring out what exactly transpired in what usually is a complex chain of events will be up to an expert commission set up between Arianespace and the European Space Agency. But, through a wealth of publicly available data, some interesting conclusions can be made – some are presented below.

Consider this a non-authoritative work in progress. Mistakes are likely included, corrections are appreciated.

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 1. Orbital Data

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Ariane 5 VA241 was targeting a Supersynchronous Transfer Orbit of 250 x 45,000 Kilometers, inclination 3.0°.

Because of the trajectory deviation, the final orbits are quite different:

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43174/2018-012A: 232 x 43,163km, 20.64° (Al Yah 3)
43175/2018-012B: 232 x 43,198km, 20.64° (SES 14)
43176/2018-012C: 169 x 42,790km, 21.01° (Ariane 5 R/B)
43177/2018-012D: 235 x 43,153km, 20.64° (Sylda)In addition to a major error on inclination, the trajectory deviation also caused the perigee and apogee positions to drift away from the equator, requiring the satellites to rotate their orbit which comes at the additional cost of maneuvering propellant.

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 2. Figuring out the actual launch azimuth

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The azimuth of a rocket launch is usually expressed as an angular value with respect to north to identify the rocket's initial heading. Ariane's target azimuth, usually taking the rocket nearly straight east on GTO missions, can be calculated based on the planned splashdown zone of the EAP Solid Rocket Boosters identified in navigational warnings issued for the VA241 mission:

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NAVAREA IV 66/2018 (24)  
WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC.
FRENCH GUIANA.
1. HAZARDOUS OPERATIONS SPACE DEBRIS
   2210Z TO 0007Z COMMENCING DAILY 25 JAN THRU 24 FEB
   IN AREA BOUND BY
   05-18.00N 052-47.40W, 05-22.35N 052-33.83W,
   05-11.16N 052-24.63W, 05-09.00N 052-36.00W.
2. CANCEL THIS MSG 250107Z FEB 18.

N0104/17 NOTAMN Q) SBAO/QRTCA/IV/BO/W/000/999/0456N04617W052 A) SBAO B) 1801252120 C) 1802040007 D) DLY 2120-0007
E) TEMPORARY RESTRICTED AREA ( ARIANE 5ZB/VA241 ROCKET FRAGMENTS FALL)
0500N04709W, 0500N04526W, 0455N04526W, 0458N04709W, 0500N04709W
ACT F) AMSL G) UNL

N0105/17 NOTAMN Q) SBAO/QRTCA/IV/BO/W/000/999/0456N04751W028 A) SBAO B) 1801252120
C) 1802040007 D) DLY 2120-0007
E) TEMPORARY RESTRICTED AREA (ARIANE 5 ZA/VA 241 ROCKET FRAGMENTS FALL)
0457N04819W, 0500N04800W, 0500N04723W, 0456N04723W, 0457N04819W
ACT F) AMSL G) UNL

A0109/18 NOTAMN Q) GOOO/QWMLW/IV/NBO/W/000/999/0302N01739W999 A) GOOO
B) 1801252219 C) 1802040052
D) EACH DAY FROM 22:19 TO 00:52 (THE NEXT DAY)
E) ARIANE5 LAUNCH ZC/VA241 IS SCHEDULED IN THE AREA DEFINED BY
THE FOLLOWING COORDINATES:
-0302N01739W -0115N00251W -0032S00304W -0115N01752W
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151935.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/VA241-NOTAMS.jpg)
VA241 NOTAMs – Image: Spaceflight101/Google Earth
 
Per the NOTAMs for the EAPs and previous missions with similar performance, Ariane 5 VA241 was targeting a launch azimuth of approximately 92.4°.

Wh ere the improperly-programmed Ariane 5 was headed in reality turned out to be vastly different, but exactly determining the actual launch azimuth takes some finesse. An initial cursory calculation of the mission's azimuth can be made from the real-time-tracking map displayed during Arianespace's live webcast of the mission, clearly showing the deviating flight path:

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151934.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/VA241-Map1b.jpg)
Source Image: Arianespace Webcast

This yields an approximate flight azimuth of 111°. However, the map's resolution leaves much to be desired and can therefore only provide a coarse estimation of the azimuth. More accurate data can be obtained through analyzing photo and video evidence.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=JSzKGQ3lHD4 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=JSzKGQ3lHD4)
(video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=JSzKGQ3lHD4) 1:42)

The video above, posted by YouTube user Bonas Juliana (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfB9XuchCTxW9hYt5Y1qPEQ), clearly shows Ariane 5 did not depart on the expected path that would have taken it east when it instead appeared to move straight over the town of Kourou. This video also confirms that the trajectory deviation began from the start and did not manifest later in flight (e.g. at the start of closed loop control after fairing separation). The video was taken from Les Roches Beach: Approximately 5.164° N, 52.632° W

The video shows Ariane 5 passing close to or even across the face of the Moon, though the over-exposed rocket exhaust and the dispersion by the clouds make a precise geometrical assessment difficult. The photos below will allow for a fairly accurate determination of the launch azimuth: Photo 1) shows the photographer's position at Kourou Beach and 2) provides a good view of the rocket's trajectory past the Moon. (Photos taken from 5.163° N, 52.632° W – very close to the video location, also confirmed by the matching cloud pattern around the Moon)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151931.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/VA241-Kourou-Beach.jpg)
Arianespace/ESA/CNES/Optique Video du CSG/S. Martin

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151907.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/241Moon.jpg)

At the time Ariane 5 scratched past the Moon (approx. H0+1:18 ), the Moon was at the following position in the sky as seen from Les Roches:

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Date/Time: 25.01.2018 22:21:18 UTC
Azimuth: 358.62°
Elevation: 82.75°
Angular Diameter: 32'33.3"

In addition to the known position of the photographer and the Moon, the altitude of Ariane 5 at the moment it scratched past the Moon is needed. This value can only be estimated as no altitude profile was released for the VA241 mission. Luckily, Ariane 5 missions only differ marginally in attitude and altitude profile for the EAP phase of the mission (zero-angle of incidence flight profile) and the mass of the payloads makes only insignificant difference to the vehicle's initial climb out. Based on review of past Ariane 5 launch videos wh ere altitude information for the time in question was shown, the vehicle passes 18 km in altitude at H0+1:18, though an error bar of one Kilometer is appropriate in this scenario.

Also, the Moon in the still image is overexposed, making it difficult to determine whether Ariane definitely skimmed the lunar disk. An error bar of one lunar width (0.54°) appears reasonable.

A calculation using the known position of the ELA-3 launch pad, the photographer's location and the position of the Moon yields an approximate launch azimuth of 112.4° ±0.6° – in surprisingly good agreement with the crude approximation through the trajectory map. This azimuth is 20° south of the planned VA241 azimuth.

Two additional videos (embedded below) appear to be taken from or near the IBIS Observation Site at 5.163°N, 52.679°W. Vast overexposure of the Moon & exhaust plume in the IBIS video and uncertainty in location for the other make the calculation of launch azimuth difficult. Assuming a position near IBIS for the second video, the launch vehicle appears to be at an elevation of 76° when passing the Moon's azimuth, corresponding to a flight azimuth around 112.5° – but the margin of error in this assessment is at least three lunar widths.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F00mAoAL_k (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F00mAoAL_k)
(video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0F00mAoAL_k) 2:01)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTQyr_xndHA (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTQyr_xndHA)
(video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTQyr_xndHA) 1:33)

Another way to constrain the actual launch azimuth of the VA241 is through the achieved orbit parameters. Unfortunately, Ariane 5 does quite some maneuvering during ascent driven by two factors: a) setting the EPC Core Stage on a safe trajectory toward an ocean impact and b) to optimize the orbit of the satellites. In typical Ariane 5 missions with similar performance and inclination constraints (VA203, VA210), the EPC's sub-orbital inclination ends up higher than the launch site latitude (between 6.8 and 7°) while the ESC-A was to reduce the orbital inclination to 3.0 degrees.

Assuming a straight-line launch into the achieved orbital plane at an inclination of 20.64° (which is not representative of reality) yields a launch azimuth of 111.3°.

Taking a lower boundary of 111° and an upper boundary of 113° places the rocket's ground track no closer than 1.1 Kilometers to the town of Kourou.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151905.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/241corridor.jpg)
VA241 Flight Corridor based on Image & Video Analysis – Image: Google Earth / Spaceflight 101

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Продолжение далее...

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Figuring out the Ariane 5 VA241 Anomaly

 3. Range Safety Criteria

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One obvious question arising with an orbital launch vehicle flying some 20 degrees off its planned trajectory is whether range safety criteria were violated. Unfortunately, getting a firm handle on range safety criteria and procedures for the CNES-operated range at CSG is somewhat difficult.

It has been stated for Soyuz (and sometimes CSG in general) that a launch azimuth of -10.5 to 93.5 degrees is permissible for orbital launches. Fr om the analysis above, it is clear that VA241 flew well outside these bounds:

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151906.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/241corridorrange.jpg)
Allowable Azimuth Range (green), VA241 Azimuth Corridor (red) – Image: Google Earth / Spaceflight 101

Hard facts on the Range at CSG are fairly hard to come by, but some literature can be found online:

Human factors in launch flight safety, Journal of Space Safety Engineering, March 2017 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468896717300162)

CSG SAFETY REGULATIONS – Volume I (http://emits.sso.esa.int/emits-doc/ASTRIUMLIM/BepiColombo_MTM_SEPS/CSG.RS.10A.5.5.V1.General.Rules.pdf) & Volume II (http://emits.sso.esa.int/emits-doc/ALCATEL/CSG-RS-22A-CNis_05rev_06Vol2Part2_Spacecraft.pdf)

PRESENTATION GENERALE DU CNES/CSG (http://www.cnes-csg.fr/automne_modules_files/standard/public/p4186_5a1ad063249d4d588c0476c439c9c2c3Presentation_Generale_CSG_Ed1.pdf) (General Overview, French)

The March 2017 paper provides an in-depth overview of Range Safety Requirements and Procedures at the Guiana Space Center and further elaborates on human factors regarding Range Safety Officer training & certification.

Section 4 discusses the flight safety aspects of CSG Range Operations and states in part: "Before the flight, and based on planned nominal trajectory, Range safety defines a safety qualified flight corridor for the launcher. The flight corridor is compatible with launcher mission, and ensures that people and properties on ground are safe (i.e. protected against thermal flow, overpressure, projection of debris, and toxic chemicals) whatever launcher failure scenario may occur. [...] During flight, should the launcher cross the limit of the safety corridor, the safety officer sends a flight termination command fr om ground."

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151913.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151913.jpg)
CNES Range Documentation – Launch Corridors (green), Launch Hazard Area (red), VA241 azimuth (blue, added by the author) – Source Graphic published by www.capcomespace.net

This map of the CSG Range shows why VA241 – if the azimuth calculations presented above are reasonably close to reality – was a borderline case. For any azimuth smaller than ~113°, the launch vehicle would violate its qualified flight corridor but remain outside the safety area established for the town of Kourou to the south and Sinnamary to the north.

Again referring to the paper cited above, it is stated about the primary range safety display used by the CNES Range Safety Officer: "The 3-D trajectory is displayed on two screens one for the impact point (horizontal plane) and the other for the altitude against the distance to the launch pad (vertical plane). These displays show nominal trajectory, actual trajectory, and alert and safety limits, thus allowing to quickly detect if the launcher is approaching the limits of the flight corridor and becoming dangerous."

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151911.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/CSG-Range-Control-Room.jpg)
CSG Range Control Architecture – Image: H. Poussin et al, Human factors in launch flight safety

Based on the failure mode encountered by VA241, the rocket's performance in the vertical plane would have been perfectly normal, but the horizontal display (fed by data fr om three radars during the first 80 seconds of flight plus onboard navigation sensors independent fr om GNC functions) would have made the deviation evident within the first 15 seconds of liftoff when the vehicle would have been well in the process of pitching on its improper launch azimuth.

The display of "nominal trajectory, actual trajectory, and alert and safety limits" would have provided the range safety team a real time assessment of where the launcher was headed and whether the limits of the safety area would be violated.

According to H. Poussin et al., Range Safety at CSG has four safety officers with specific tasks:

ЦитироватьTelemetry Officer: Monitors relevant vehicle parameters to assess whether an onboard failure is occurring (propulsion, separation events, onboard computer & GNC status, onboard flight safety algorithm, and telecommunications link).

Deputy Safety Officer: Manages the localization facilities, monitors the launcher trajectory and warns the Chief Safety Officer of any trajectory deviation.

Chief Safety Officer: The only member with destruct authority, he manages telecommand facilities, confirms the trajectory deviation, compares it to the flight corridor and sends the flight termination telecommand if needed.

Backup Operator: On stand-by to replace any of the three positions.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151912.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/CSG-Range-Flight-Corridors.jpg)
Image: H. Poussin et al, Human factors in launch flight safety

In the VA241 scenario, the Deputy and Chief Safety Officers would have been aware of the trajectory deviation within half a minute of H0 based on radar tracking while the Telemetry Officer would have provided them with a GREEN vehicle status across the board – Ariane 5 had stable propulsion, nominal body rates and the GNC system was showing a good trajectory.

From an onboard status, there was no reason to terminate the flight and it would have been the sole responsibility of the Safety Officers to terminate the flight if Ariane 5 exceeded safety limits.

The launch azimuth being just outside the Impact Line would explain why no flight termination was commanded in the first 40 seconds of flight which is the time frame given for a safe termination for missions from ELA-3.

However, in addition to overflight direct debris risks, other factors such as Distant Focusing Overpressure and toxics are typically considered for Range Safety Assessments to ensure risk to the public is minimized in the event of a launch vehicle destruction close to inhabited areas, taking into account atmospheric conditions and winds. With VA241 likely coming within five Kilometers of the majority of Kourou, these factors will have to be scrutinized when looking at the response of range control, taking into account upper level winds to assess whether debris created in a vehicle failure this close to the coast would have violated the probabilities for human injury or death outlined in the CNES Safety Regulations:

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151910.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/CNES-Range-Objectives.jpg)
Credit: CNES

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4. Actual Impact Zones

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As Ariane 5 flew around 20 degrees south of its original launch azimuth, the components it shed during its climb to orbit – two EAP Boosters, two fairing halves & the EPC core stage – impacted well outside their designated crash areas, identified in Notices to Airmen & Mariners before the January 25 launch.

Having constrained the launch azimuth, it is possible to estimate the approximate impact locations:

According to the broadcast warning for the two EAP Boosters, they were to impact in a 110 by 60-Kilometer box centered 545 Kilometers downrange from the launch site (05-18.00N 052-47.40W, 05-22.35N 052-33.83W, 05-11.16N 052-24.63W, 05-09.00N 052-36.00W). Using the actual launch azimuth for the VA241 mission and projecting the original EAP impact zone onto it provides a good estimate for the actual EAP splash point:
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151929.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/VA241-Actual-Booster-Impact.jpg)
Actual EAP Booster Impact Area (for Azimuth range 111-113°, Yellow line showing 112°)

The impact area of the EPC Cryogenic Core Stage for the VA241 mission was around 1,665 by 200 Kilometers in dimensions with its center around 4,730 Kilometers from the ELA-3 launch site. Because Ariane 5 maneuvers during flight (as outlined above), the EPC impact area is offset by around 3.8 degrees to the initial launch azimuth. Taking this into account, the actual EPC impact zone can be estimated fairly accurately:
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151930.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/VA241-ActualEPC-Impact.jpg)
Planned (Orange) & Actual (Red) EPC Impact Area (111-113° Azimuth, Yellow Line is 112°)

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5. "Strange Happenings" at Jupiter

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(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151927.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Practical-information_Jupiter.jpg)
Jupiter Control/Management Center – Photo: Arianespace

As noted in the "VA241 Anomaly Update (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/va241-anomaly-update-scenario/)" posted the day after the event, the handling of the situation at the Jupiter Control Room was rather strange – at least to the outside observer. The live launch webcast provided by Arianespace showed the vast majority of people at Jupiter – including managers in the control area and guests in the viewing area – only became aware that something had gone wrong when the signal from the launch vehicle was lost nine minutes and 26 seconds after launch. Some of the technical staff in the "fishbowl" were seen pointing to screens around prior to that, likely the first to become aware of the trajectory deviation.

Arianespace – during their launch webcasts – always advertises the people at Jupiter as the "decision makers," so the question why no one recognized the potentially serious nature of the anomaly in real time is certainly appropriate. Studying the launch broadcast provided by Arianespace, it becomes clear that the anomaly would only be recognizable on one of the plots/maps available at Jupiter – if any.
World Map at T+7:44

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151920.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/JUpiter-744.jpg)
World Map at T+7:44

The nature of the anomaly meant that Ariane 5, at all times of flight, believed it was flying on the correct trajectory. Any altitude, velocity & downrange plot – even if using external inputs – would also appear normal since the vehicle's propulsion & trajectory performance was very close to nominal.

The only thing amiss was the azimuth and this, for the webcast watcher, was only visible in the small trajectory map appearing intermittently in the lower right of the screen. This also confirms the world map uses radar data to compute the position of the launcher, since the onboard navigation solution would display a nominal flight path.

The trajectory map first appeared at T+2 minutes and 16 seconds and showed the yellow X denoting the vehicle's actual position mostly aligned with the green circle representing the nominally expected position for every stage of flight. One minute later, the X is still mostly aligned with the circle and a brief glance would not lead one to think anything was out of order.

At T+4:15, the X can be clearly seen south of the planned trajectory for the first time, but would require the focused attention of the viewer. The map is visible for eight seconds at T+5:33 and clearly shows the deviation and it again flashed over the screen for three seconds at T+6:26 when the X had almost completely left the circle.

Something interesting occurs right around T+8 minutes. The Altitude vs. Downrange plot displayed on screen shows the yellow X denoting the rockets actual position vanishes at T+7:58 and re-appears at T+8:02. It would also appear from the plot that the vehicle was ever-so-slightly underperforming at that point.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151921.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-800.jpg)
Data drop-out at T+8 Minutes

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151923.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-844.jpg)
World Map at T+8:44

Unfortunately, the World Map was not on screen at the time and, when it showed up again at T+8:44, the cursor (X) was back in the center of the circle, indicating Ariane 5 was headed down the normal flight trajectory.

The likely reason behind this is the transition from the Safety-Active Phase wh ere Ariane 5 is tracked by three radars near the launch site and Range Safety has abort authority to the Safety-Passive Phase during which Range Control only acts in a monitoring function in assessing the Instantaneous Impact Point of the vehicle, but no longer acts in the event of an anomaly. (ref. H. Poussin et al. (linked above)).

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151924.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-845.jpg)
Discontinuity in the Altitude-Distance Plot at the transition between radar tracking & inertial navigation (T+8:44)

As the radars lose track of the vehicle, plot and map displays based on their data would have to switch to another source, either coming from downrange tracking radars (not employed by Ariane 5) or the vehicle's navigation system itself. Ariane 5 was computing its trajectory to be nominal, explaining why the cursor moved right back to the predicted location on the World Map.

The hint of underperformance seen in the data display just before T+8 minutes also vanishes and a small but distinct bend is visible afterwards. In reality, Ariane 5 was flying slightly under its Altitude-Downrange curve because its trajectory was not sticking to the equator wh ere Earth's rotation is faster than at higher latitudes and would normally "move the ground" underneath the rocket at faster speed than on its actual trajectory.

While flying its planned altitude profile, Ariane was not covering as much ground as it would have near the equator. This also explains the deficiency in orbital altitude at the end of the second stage's operation which is consistent with the losses coming by not flying along the equator.


Here is a chronological run-down of events at Jupiter with explanations below the screenshots:

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151916.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter245.jpg)
Jupiter at T+2:45: Velocity & Altitude Plots are normal, as would be expected for this anomaly; world map is poorly resolved; the close-up map in the lower-left shows a 3D representation of the vehicle heading toward Fairing Separation right on its planned trajectory – either computed with simulated data or using launch vehicle telemetry (range radar data would have shown the deviation very easily; vehicle telemetry would indicate a nominal position)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151918.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter551.jpg)
Jupiter at T+5:51: Performance plots are still nominal (as would be expected), the close-up map still shows the vehicle going down the nominal (either simulated data or position data from the vehicle IMU which believed it was on the correct heading), the world map on the lower right shows the deviation – see close up comparison below
 
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151926.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151926.jpg)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151919.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-615.jpg)
T+6:15: First televised sign of concern & finger-pointing (by this time, the deviation on the World Map should have been obvious to those watching it closely)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151922.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-820.jpg)
Concerned Conversation at the ESA Console; a forced (?) smile by the CNES Head of Launchers to keep up the facade (?)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151925.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151925.jpg)
Loss of Signal at Galliot, DDO announces shortly thereafter

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151915.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-1231.jpg)
Three Minutes without signal, all personnel in the fishbowl appear to finally be aware that VA241 was not nominal (except for some of the satellite managers as seen at T+15:19)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151917.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/Jupiter-3500.jpg)
Jupiter at T+35 Minutes

In summary, concerning Jupiter, it becomes clear that it would have been difficult to recognize the situation in the opening minutes of the mission. Only one of the front screen displays (the World Map) showed the deviating trajectory, the others indicated a nominal mission. Naturally, one would likely pay most attention to the animation displayed on top and the close-up map on the lower left as it shows more detail than the World Map – especially early in flight. As shown above, neither the simulation nor the close-up map was showing what was occurring.

As shown in some perspectives of the Jupiter control room, a subset of managers was watching the Arianespace Webcast on their console screens, including the World Map in the lower right. However, as outlined above, this map only made the deviation obvious between T+4:15 to T+7:58 and when the trajectory issue was blatantly obvious, the map was only visible for periods of eight and three seconds – easily missed when looking elsewh ere or focusing on conversation.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151908.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/2720759386.jpg)
CDL-3 – Photo: Arianespace

It should be reiterated that the personnel at Jupiter are no controllers and therefore are not glued to their data. Telemetry does not appear to be flowing into Jupiter's front room, at least based on the console screens visible on the webcast.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151914.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/CSG-RSO-Training-Room.jpg)
Range Safety Officer Training Room – Image: H. Poussin et al, Human factors in launch flight safety

The apparent lack of knowledge at Jupiter also showcases the communication paths at the CSG. Although the managers at Jupiter are usually referred to as "decision makers," the actual controllers overseeing the countdown leading up to H0 are at the CDL-3 building close to the ELA-3 launch pad, operating from two shielded control rooms.

Jupiter, particularly the Range Operations Manager DDO, receives information on mission status from the CVI – Controle Visuel Immediat (Real Time Flight Evaluation) wh ere the telemetry stream from the launch vehicle is analyzed in real time. It is not clear whether the CVI tracks the azimuth of the vehicle based on outside inputs – the clear indication from the DDO reporting nominal flight events through the loss of signal would be no.

The four Range Safety Officers, who surely were the first to learn of the trajectory deviation, were on console "in a dedicated small safety room, fully independent from the main control center." According to H. Poussin et al., communications within the safety team do not occur over a voice loop and employ a precise language protocol to convey the status of the mission via concise oral messages in order to accelerate the vital decision-making process ongoing in this area of launch control. Voice loops are used by the Range Safety Officers to communicate out to the localization, telecommand and telemetry teams.

It can be assumed that the Range Safety Officers, after finishing their decision-making process following discovery of the anomaly, informed telemetry and tracking teams who can communicate with Jupiter depending on their workload which undoubtedly was on the high end with a vehicle committed to fly on an offset trajectory after RSO did not terminate by T+40 seconds.


Public Affairs Handling of the Situation

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151933.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151933.jpg)
Arianespace/ESA/CNES/Optique Video du CSG

For the way public affairs managed the situation, an "F" grade would be deserved. Both, the English Webcast Commentator Joshua Jampol and the @ArianeGroup Twitter handles, continued to report mission events as fact until T+33 minutes when Ariane 5 had been out of communications for 23.5 minutes. Even the successful separation of SES 14 was confirmed as fact on the Webcast, @ArianeGroup and Arianespace CEO Stephane Israel's Twitter handle which is typically controlled by public affairs personnel during and after launches.

Some degree of exoneration for the webcast commentary comes from the announcements made by the Range Operations Manager until the Loss of Signal who continued to report "nominal onboard parameters."

However, the lack of data from T+9:30 onwards should have been obvious: the yellow line vanished from the plots on the right side of the screen and the altitude, distance and speed values on the bottom also went black. It shows an utter lack of understanding of the subject matter or a "forced" sticking to the company script to report mission events that were not confirmed – e.g. T+27:18 "well, apparently we have confirmation, first good news of the evening: successful separation of our first passenger SES-14, right on time apparently")

According to his Linkedin profile, Mr. Jampol "has since 1989 been the "voice" of Arianespace, handling live video commentary of launches of Europe's commercial rocket from the spaceport in French Guiana." Almost three decades of work related to Arianespace activities would rule out a lack of knowledge and point toward a company policy to keep a smiling face to the public until being told otherwise, but this statement only stands as conjecture without hard facts.

The webcast eventually stepped away from the animation showing mission events ticking off like clockwork and paused at T+37 minutes until Stephane Israel confirmed the occurrence of the anomaly roughly one hour after liftoff.

[свернуть]

6. The Road Ahead for SES-14 & Al Yah 3

Спойлер

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151928.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/SES14-in-container_Copyright-Airbus-D.Marques.jpg)
Photo: Airbus Defence & Space

While Ariane 5 may have gotten away with a black eye, skimming past a Loss of Mission, the two satellites it transported into orbit will now be tasked with making up for the botched orbital injection. Luckily, both satellites achieved a stable orbit and were acquired by their respective ground stations shortly after launch, showing healthy systems telemetry. Both satellite manufacturers, Airbus Defence & Space for SES 14 and Orbital ATK for Al Yah 3, confirmed their satellites were in good condition and both were expected to reach their operational spot in Geostationary Orbit.

SES 14 apparently has the better outlook of the two. "SES announces that it has successfully established a telemetry and telecommand connection to its SES-14 spacecraft and is setting up a new orbit raising plan now," the Luxembourg-based telecommunications provider said in a statement. "SES-14 would thus reach the geostationary orbit only four weeks later than originally planned." The company also confirmed that the satellite was expected to serve its full 15-year design life in GEO.

The SES-14 satellite is based on the all-electric Eurostar-3000EOR satellite platform outfitted with a PPS5000 advanced ion thruster system which has been 'oversized' to provide robust performance margin and allow for use on different satellite sizes/masses. Additionally, advanced performance characteristics like thrust vector control and a very broad operational envelope (for high-thrust or high-impulse modes as needed) will allow a flexible orbit raising plan to be developed for SES 14.

>> SES 14 Technical Overview (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/ses-14/)

SES 14 already conducted an initial orbit-raising campaign, lifting its perigee by some 100 Kilometers to 336 km and decreasing its inclination by 0.1 degrees. This was likely done as a precursor maneuver to move the perigee to less-dense layers of Earth's upper atmosphere to reduce the drag environment encountered during perigee and so preserve the orbit's apogee altitude while teams develop future maneuver plans.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151909.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/AlYah3-1.jpg)
Image: Orbital ATK

Al Yah 3, based on Orbital ATK's GEOStar-3 satellite platform, is outfitted with a hybrid propulsion system baselined for initial orbit-raising with a 450-Newton bi-propellant main engine followed by orbit-topping and Stationkeeping using XR-5 hall current thrusters. Orbital ATK so far only said: "The satellite was successfully acquired by the Orbital ATK mission operations team and is healthy and operating nominally. A revised flight plan will be executed in order to achieve the operational orbit and fulfill the original mission."

The major disadvantage for hybrid satellites is that, typically, they have to execute all main engine burns before the ion thrusters can be used effectively as the solar arrays can not be fully deployed due to loads experienced during main engine firings.

>> Al Yah 3 Technical Overview (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/al-yah-3/)

The trouble arising for the two satellites is not found in the slight altitude deficiency or inclination error of the achieved 232 x 43,163km, 20.64° vs. planned 250 x 45,000km, 3.0° orbit. These factors will only add 165 meters per second of change in velocity (delta-v) for the satellites to reach GEO – easily achievable with performance margins. The major problem is that Ariane 5 failed to inject the satellites into an orbit with the perigee and apogee located over the equator (argument of perigee planned at 178° but actually at 229°).

Instead, Ariane 5 injected the satellites into an orbit with apogee at 16°N and perigee at 15°S. Rotating their orbits back to the correct geometry would cost the satellites up to 1,100m/s in delta-v (worst case) or require patience. The orbit naturally precesses and will eventually end up with apogee and perigee close to the equator – per current tracking elements in mid-September 2018. At that point, a fuel-efficient transfer at a net penalty of not much more than 165m/s would be possible. It remains to be seen what type of recovery plan the two satellite builders will select.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/151936.jpg) (http://spaceflight101.com/ariane-5-va241/wp-content/uploads/sites/205/2018/01/VA241-Orbit.jpg)
VA241 Orbit at Injection – Image: TLE Analyser

[свернуть]

ЦитироватьThe trouble arising for the two satellites is not found in the slight altitude deficiency or inclination error of the achieved 232 x 43,163km, 20.64° vs. planned 250 x 45,000km, 3.0° orbit. These factors will only add 165 meters per second of change in velocity (delta-v) for the satellites to reach GEO – easily achievable with performance margins. The major problem is that Ariane 5 failed to inject the satellites into an orbit with the perigee and apogee located over the equator (argument of perigee planned at 178° but actually at 229°).

Instead, Ariane 5 injected the satellites into an orbit with apogee at 16°N and perigee at 15°S. Rotating their orbits back to the correct geometry would cost the satellites up to 1,100m/s in delta-v (worst case) or require patience. The orbit naturally precesses and will eventually end up with apogee and perigee close to the equator – per current tracking elements in mid-September 2018. At that point, a fuel-efficient transfer at a net penalty of not much more than 165m/s would be possible. It remains to be seen what type of recovery plan the two satellite builders will select.

ЦитироватьPIN пишет:
Да, отличный анализ на основе открытой информации.
И разумное объяснение, почему не отправили команду на вскрытие баков/ТТУ.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/29242.jpg)DutchSpace‏ @DutchSpace (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace) 9h ago (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/963707197208387584)

So,#VA241 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/VA241?src=hash) in my 2 previous posts (https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/960646821977690112 ... (https://t.co/k5JIHqoglj) & https://twitter.com/DutchSpace/status/962088941338972161 ... (https://t.co/unTH1eOVb6)) it seems clear to me that the roll manoeuvre started too early (normally at H+17 sec) I'm still questioning why it would roll too early, "just" because of wrong azimuth entry ? I'm not sure...

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185988.jpg)Peter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 11h ago (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/964436703447527424)

CEO @Eutelsat (https://twitter.com/eutelsat) says expects @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial) Al Yah 3 sat, put in bad orbit by @ArianeGroup (https://twitter.com/ArianeGroup) Ariane 5 Jan 25, will be in service by midsummer.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185973.jpg)Caleb Henry‏ @CHenry_SN (https://twitter.com/CHenry_SN) 20m ago (https://twitter.com/CHenry_SN/status/965992629136756737)

YahSat says its Al Yah 3 satellite that was launched into an off-track orbit will arrive at its GEO orbital slot in June. No word on if service will start that month or later.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 22 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/966913695858044929)

The misdelivered Ariane payloads continue heading to GEO. Here is average height vs time for the two payloads (and the rocket stage and SYLDA adapter). SES-14, using electric propulsion, is climbing steadily while the chem prop on AY3 makes big burns
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/174000.jpg)

24 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/966913852834136064)

Same story for the inclinations of the two satellites relative to the equator
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/174001.jpg)

Цитировать/.../
Investigations by the Independent Enquiry Commission showed that the trajectory anomaly resulted from an incorrect value in specifications for the implementation of the launcher's two inertial reference systems. Given the special requirements of this mission, the azimuth required for the alignment of the inertial units was 70 degrees instead of 90 degrees, as is most often the case for missions to geostationary transfer orbit. This gap led to the 20-degree shift to the south in the launcher trajectory from the initial seconds of flight. The cause of the trajectory deviation, therefore, was due to a bad specification of one of the launcher mission parameters that was not detected during the standard quality checks carried out during the Ariane 5 launches' preparation chain.
/.../

Цитироватьche wi пишет:
Arianespace опубликовала заключение комиссии:

 http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/independent-enquiry-commission-announces-conclusions-concerning-the-launcher-trajectory-deviation-during-flight-va241/

Цитировать/.../
Investigations by the Independent Enquiry Commission showed that the trajectory anomaly resulted from an incorrect value in specifications for the implementation of the launcher's two inertial reference systems. Given the special requirements of this mission, the azimuth required for the alignment of the inertial units was 70 degrees instead of 90 degrees, as is most often the case for missions to geostationary transfer orbit. This gap led to the 20-degree shift to the south in the launcher trajectory from the initial seconds of flight. The cause of the trajectory deviation, therefore, was due to a bad specification of one of the launcher mission parameters that was not detected during the standard quality checks carried out during the Ariane 5 launches' preparation chain.
/.../

ЦитироватьАтяпа пишет:
Метеор-дубль?!

ЦитироватьСогласно обнародованным данным, основной рассматриваемой аварийной комиссией версией причины неудачного запуска КА SES-14 и Al Yah-3 является неправильное вычисление текущего азимута ракеты Ариан 5 ЕСА. Это являлось основной причиной полета ракеты по нерасчетной траектории. В настоящее время оба аппарата находятся в нормальном состоянии и перейдут на геостационарную орбиту в июне-июле 2018 года.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/225260.gif)

ESA (http://www.esa.int/)

N° 4–2018: ACTION PLAN APPROVED FOR NEXT ARIANE 5 LAUNCHES

2 March 2018

After the release of the conclusions of the Ariane VA241 Independent Enquiry Commission on 22 February, the findings and recommendations were formally presented to a Steering Board on 28 February. The board included Daniel Neuenschwander, ESA Director of Space Transportation; Stéphane Israël, Arianespace CEO; and Alain Charmeau, ArianeGroup CEO.

As stated in the Arianespace press release of 23 February, the direct cause of the trajectory deviation on 25 January was an incorrect value provided to the launcher's two Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). Given the special requirements of this mission, the azimuth required for the IMU alignment was 70º but the usual value for geostationary transfer orbit missions of 90º was erroneously used instead. This difference led to the 20º shift to the south in the trajectory from the first seconds of flight.

The underlying reasons for the direct cause have been clearly identified: a need to strengthen the processes for establishing, verifying and approving the specific operational procedures involving the IMU reference frame.

Recommendations to improve processes and quality control have been made. Furthermore, additional recommendations to enhance end-to-end verifications of mission-specific parameters used during the launch campaign were made.

ArianeGroup and Arianespace presented their action plan in response to the Independent Enquiry Commission findings and recommendations.

ESA Inspector General Toni Tolker-Nielsen expressed his satisfaction with the presented action plan, which not only addresses the current issue, but a general plan to improve processes and end-to-end verifications, in particular of the few parameters that are not verified because of their nature during the test on the Functional Simulator before each launch.

Thanks to the action plan of ArianeGroup and Arianespace, the reliability of the Ariane 5 launch system, which already had an outstanding series of mission successes establishing it as a market leader, will be further increased.

The actions will enable the next flight of this heavy-lift vehicle to be made this month.

The Steering Committee mandated the ESA Inspector General to monitor the satisfactory implementation of the action plan of ArianeGroup and Arianespace.

ЦитироватьPeter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 4h4 hours ago (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/976106958204915712)

Yahsat expected to file $108-million claim for loss of life on Al Yah 3 satellite because of @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) @ArianeGroup (https://twitter.com/ArianeGroup) Ariane 5 off-target orbital injection.

ЦитироватьPARIS — Satellite fleet operator Yahsat estimates that it has suffered a 43% loss of revenue-generating capacity on its Al Yah 3 satellite as a result the bad orbit insertio...

ЦитироватьPIN пишет:
Логично, не понимаю, почему "жесть".

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 9 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/991853128940163073)

After the Ariane VA241 misdelivery in January, the Al Yah 3 satellite has reached geostationary orbit and arrived on station today at 20.1W. SES-14 still has a long way to go, currently in a 17854 x 50563 km orbit

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/47964.jpg)Peter B. de Selding‏ @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 2 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/1001818027153862656)

UAE's @yahsatofficial (https://twitter.com/yahsatofficial): IOT done, Al Yah 3 sat ready for service at 20degW; Ka-band in Africa/Brazil. @Eutelsat (https://twitter.com/eutelsat) a customer in Africa. ~43% loss of rev capacity w/ 5-month, fuel-using trip to GEO slot after off-target @Arianespace (https://twitter.com/Arianespace) Ariane 5 in Jan; $108M insurance claim likely.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/164451.jpg)

Цитировать30 MAY, 2018

Yahsat Announces Successful Al Yah 3 Mission Completion

Yahsat, a leading global satellite operator based in the UAE, has announced that its third satellite Al Yah 3, located at 20 °W has successfully completed its in-orbit testing, and is ready to support the launch of commercial services. The satellite will expand Yahsat's Ka-band coverage to 19 additional markets across Africa covering 60% of the population and marks Yahsat's first entry into Brazil where 95% of the population will have access to its satellite broadband services.

Спойлер

Masood M. Sharif Mahmood, Chief Executive Officer at Yahsat, said: "Access to the Internet is a key facilitator of social and economic progress. Today, broadband connectivity is playing an important role in creating new opportunities and in accelerating innovation. We are excited by the opportunity Al Yah 3 brings in our ability to deliver reliable and affordable satellite broadband services to parts of the world that need it the most, building upon our previous achievements as pioneers of such services across Africa, the Middle East and south-west Asia."

The successful mission is the culmination of a project which has seen Al Yah 3 designed and built with Emirati engineers leading at every stage of the process in partnership with Orbital ATK. The engineers were critical in ensuring the successful end-to-end delivery of the satellite into orbit.

"It has been an incredible journey for us and a very proud moment for both Yahsat and for the UAE. Our engineers have been heavily involved in managing all aspects of the project, including design, development and launch. We are now focusing on the commercial launch of our services using Al Yah 3 over the coming weeks." Mahmood added.

Al Yah 3, an all Ka-band satellite, and the first hybrid electric propulsion GEOStar-3™ satellite completed by Orbital ATK, was launched on an Ariane 5 rocket by Arianespace, on January 26th 2018.

[свернуть]

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 7 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1002016656166662145)

Al Yah 3 is on station at 20.1W in a 35777 x 35796 km x 0.0 deg orbit. Launch companion SES-14 is in a 25732 x 45150 km x 5.0 deg orbit still on its electric propulsion trek to GEO

ЦитироватьКомпания Yahsat объявила о том, что ее третий космический аппарат Al Yah 3 успешно прошел этапы орбитального тестирования и готов к оказанию коммерческих услуг. Сообщается, что космический аппарат будет работать в интересах потребителей в Африке и Бразилии. Производителем космического аппарата является североамериканская Orbital ATK при сотрудничестве с инженерами из ОАЭ. Космический аппарат построен на основе платформы GEOStar-3 и оснащен гибридной электроустановкой.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg)Jonathan McDowell‏Подлинная учетная запись @planet4589 (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 8 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1021193617912844288)

The SES-14 satellite, misdelivered by Ariane 5 in January, finally arrived on station in geostationary orbit at 39.0W on Jul 17.

ЦитироватьSES-14 Goes Operational to Serve the Americas

Written on 04 Sep 2018

SES's geostationary satellite with its wide-beam and high throughput capabilities will capture attractive growth opportunities in video, maritime and aeronautical markets across the Americas

Luxembourg, 4 September 2018 – SES announced today that the high-powered SES-14 satellite, positioned at 47.5 degrees West, is now serving Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, North Atlantic and West Africa.

Спойлер

The all-electric satellite, which has both C- and Ku-band wide-beam coverage and Ku-band high throughput spot beam coverage, is SES's second hybrid satellite to serve the Americas, with the first being SES-15 (https://www.ses.com/press-release/ses-15-enters-commercial-service-serve-americas).

SES-14's C-band and Ku-band wide beams and high throughput capabilities are serving various markets. The satellite is expanding the reach of SES's second cable neighbourhood in Latin America, and provides new capacity for direct-to-home services. It is also delivering more high-speed connectivity to the dynamic aeronautical market and other traffic-intensive applications in the maritime and cellular backhaul markets.

[свернуть]

The satellite also carries a hosted payload for NASA's Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission. GOLD will provide unprecedented imaging of the Earth's upper atmosphere from geostationary orbit to deepen scientists' understanding of the boundary between Earth and space.

Спойлер

SES-14 at 47.5 degrees West is replacing and augmenting services currently provided on NSS-806. The license to operate at this Brazilian orbital location was the result of SES's successful participation in a spectrum auction in 2014.

Martin Halliwell, Chief Technology Officer at SES, said, "Thanks to the Airbus, Arianespace and SES teams, SES-14 is able to fulfil its planned satellite mission of bringing better picture quality TV content to people across Latin America, as well as delivering high-speed broadband services to airline passengers flying over the Americas and North Atlantic routes. Enterprises and communities within the region will also be able to access the reliable connectivity provided by SES-14. SES-14 is key to SES's future growth trajectory and is part of our ongoing strategy to develop innovative capabilities for specific and growing markets."

SES-14 was launched on an Ariane 5 rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. SES-14 was built by Airbus Defence and Space and is an all-electric satellite. The satellite also features a Digital Transparent Processor (DTP), which increases payload flexibility and will provide customised connectivity solutions to SES's customers.

[свернуть]

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186185.jpg)SES‏Подлинная учетная запись @SES_Satellites (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites) 5 сент. (https://twitter.com/SES_Satellites/status/1037345035598131200)

SES-14 carries a hosted payload for @NASA (https://twitter.com/NASA)'s GOLD mission. This month, the team will conduct commissioning activities, incl. first light, then science operations early Oct!

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/169344.jpg)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186262.jpg)NASA Sun & Space‏Подлинная учетная запись @NASASun (https://twitter.com/NASASun) 18 сент. (https://twitter.com/NASASun/status/1042101674964398080)

GOLD's commissioning phase continues through October, and then it will start its two-year science mission! Follow along here and at http://nasa.gov/gold  (https://t.co/hG1FDKcP4G) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/125619.png)
#NASAGOLD (https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASAGOLD?src=hash)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186262.jpg)NASA Sun & Space‏Подлинная учетная запись @NASASun (https://twitter.com/NASASun) 22 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/NASASun/status/1042868247001890816)

Our GOLD instrument launched to space earlier this year to study the little-understood region where Earth's uppermost atmosphere meets the space that surrounds us. Last week, it took its first full-disk ultraviolet portrait of Earth! http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/2018/09/17/nasas-gold-instrument-captures-its-first-image-of-the-earth/ ... (https://t.co/zATDCDaUwd)
#NASAGOLD (https://twitter.com/hashtag/NASAGOLD?src=hash)

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/170383.jpg)

ЦитироватьSept. 21, 2018

Three NASA Missions Return 1st-Light Data

NASA's continued quest to explore our solar system and beyond received a boost of new information this week with three key missions proving not only that they are up and running, but that their science potential is exceptional. On Sept. 17, 2018, TESS (http://nasa.gov/tess) — the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite — shared its first science observations. Later in the week, the latest two missions to join NASA's heliophysics fleet returned first light data: Parker Solar Probe, (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-prepares-to-launch-parker-solar-probe-a-mission-to-touch-the-sun) humanity's first mission to "touch" the Sun, and GOLD (https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/nasa-gold-mission-to-image-earth-s-interface-to-space), a mission that studies the dynamic boundary between Earth and space.
...

Together, the two other missions represent two key observation points in the giant system of space — ...; GOLD monitors changes in the space close to Earth, much of them driven by ever-changing solar activity. The two viewpoints support heliophysics' focus on our star and how it influences the very nature of space — and, in turn, the atmospheres of planets and human technology.
...
GOLD's first light closely followed Parker Solar Probe's. On Sept. 11, the GOLD — short for Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk — instrument powered on and opened its cover to scan Earth for the first time, returning a full-disk image (http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/2018/09/17/nasas-gold-instrument-captures-its-first-image-of-the-earth/) of the Western Hemisphere in ultraviolet. In this wavelength of light, which is invisible to the human eye, GOLD enables researchers to view global-scale temperature and composition at the dynamic region where Earth's upper atmosphere meets space.

GOLD commissioning began Sept. 4 and will run through early October, as the team continues to prepare the instrument for its planned two-year science mission.

Спойлер

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208357.png) (https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/gold-first-light-full-size.png)
First light data from GOLD was captured at 6 a.m. local time, near sunrise in eastern South America, and shows the ultraviolet atomic oxygen emission from Earth's upper atmosphere. Colors correspond to emission brightness, with the strongest in red and the weakest in blue. The emission is produced at altitudes around 100 miles above the surface (note how it extends above Earth's surface on the horizon), when Earth's upper atmosphere absorbs high energy photons and particles. The aurora, at the top and bottom of the image, and daytime airglow, on the right-hand side, are also visible. An ultraviolet star, 66 Ophiuchi, is visible above the western horizon of Earth.
Credits: NASA/LASP/GOLD

"The GOLD mission is a game-changer, providing never-before-seen footage of upper atmospheric weather similar to the very first terrestrial weather satellites," said Sarah Jones, GOLD mission scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "These global-scale pictures of the boundary between Earth and space will allow scientists to start teasing out the effects coming from the Sun versus those coming from Earth's weather below."

With missions both near and far, like bookends in the vast stretch of space between the Sun and Earth, researchers are eager to fill knowledge gaps in our understanding of the complex relationship between solar activity and conditions at Earth.

Historically difficult to observe, the region GOLD studies is little-understood and can undergo dramatic change in as little as an hour. GOLD — which occupies geostationary orbit, hovering 22,000 miles over the Western Hemisphere — will provide hour-by-hour updates on the ever-changing conditions in near-Earth space, known as space weather. Shifts in space weather can garble space-traveling communications signals, interfere with electronics onboard satellites, endanger astronauts and at their most severe, disrupt power grids.
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GOLD is a NASA mission of opportunity as part of the heliophysics Explorer Program. Goddard manages the Explorer Program for the Heliophysics Division of NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. It is designed to provide frequent, low-cost access to space using principal investigator-led space science investigations relevant to the agency's astrophysics and heliophysics programs. GOLD is led by the University of Central Florida. The Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder built and operates the instrument. The GOLD instrument is hosted on a commercial communications satellite, SES-14, built by Airbus for Luxembourg-based satellite operator, SES.

By Lina Tran (mailto:lina.tran@nasa.gov)
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (http://nasa.gov/goddard), Greenbelt, Md.

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Last Updated: Sept. 21, 2018
Editor: Rob Garner

ЦитироватьHere's the Very First Image fr om NASA's New GOLD Mission

Miles Hatfield (https://blogs.nasa.gov/sunspot/author/mshatfie/)
Posted Oct 2, 2018 at 6:17 pm

By Tom Mason
Office of Communications and Outreach Manager
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado Boulder

On Sept. 11, 2018, at approximately 6 a.m. local time in eastern South America, NASA's Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (http://nasa.gov/gold), or GOLD, mission sent back its very first image.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/132112.png)
Credit: NASA/LASP/GOLD

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Maps like this one enable researchers to determine global-scale temperature and composition at the dynamic region wh ere Earth's upper atmosphere meets space. The image shows ultraviolet light (135.6 nm) — a kind of light that's invisible to the human eye — emitted by atomic oxygen present approximately 99 miles (160 km) above Earth's surface. The colors in the image correspond to emission brightness: The strongest emissions are shown in red and the weakest in blue. Known as "airglow," this light is produced by oxygen as it transitions from an excited state to a lower energy state. Outlines of the continents and a latitude-longitude grid have been added for reference.

The right side of the image shows the Sun-facing side of Earth, revealing daytime airglow, but emissions at the North and South Poles extend to the left, into the night side. These are the aurora borealis (northern lights) and australis (southern lights). The northern lights are more clearly visible in this image because their location depends on Earth's magnetic dipole field, which is tilted southward over North America at the top left of the image. At the southern horizon, the magnetic field is tilted slightly away from the Americas.

The speck of light visible over the western horizon is an ultraviolet star, 66 Ophiuchi (HD 164284).

GOLD launched from Kourou, French Guiana, on Jan. 25, 2018, onboard the SES-14 satellite and reached geostationary orbit in June 2018. Built by the University of Colorado Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, and managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, GOLD will improve our understanding of the Sun's impact on Earth's upper atmosphere as well as the effects from terrestrial weather below. GOLD commissioning — the period during which the instrument's performance is assessed — began on Sept. 4 and will run through early October, as the team continues to prepare the instrument for its planned two-year science mission.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/132111.png)

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