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ЦитироватьThe Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch 83 satellites, 80 of them being foreign, in one go in January next year, the Lok Sabha was told on Wednesday.

80 satellites weighing 500 kg belong to five foreign countries — Israel, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Switzerland and the U.S.

"These international customer satellites are being launched as part of the commercial arrangement between them and Antrix Corporation Ltd., the commercial arm and PSU under the ISRO," Jitendra Singh, Minister of State in the PMO said in a written reply. The Department of Space comes under the Prime Minister's Office (PMO).

It will be the first of its kind mission in the ISRO's space history.

The three Indian satellites are Cartosat-2 series weighing 730 kg as primary payload, INS-IA and INS-1B, totally weighing 30 kg.

ЦитироватьНЬЮ-ДЕЛИ, 30 ноя — РИА Новости. Индийская организация космических исследований (ISRO) планирует вывести на орбиту сразу 83 спутника в рамках одного запуска в январе 2017 года, сообщает в среду департамент космических исследований правительства Индии.

"ISRO планирует запустить 83 спутника на борту индийской ракеты-носителя PSLV-C37 в течение января 2017 года с космического центра имени Сатиша Дхавана, Шрихарикота", — говорится в заявлении департамента.

Этот пуск станет рекордным для Индии. Летом ISRO успешно вывела на орбиту сразу 20 спутников.

Основным грузом станут три индийских спутника: Cartosat-2, который весит около 730 килограмм и предназначен для наблюдения за поверхностью земли, два малых спутника (общий вес меньше 30 килограмм) INS-1A и INS-1B. Общий весь остальных 80 спутников составил 500 килограмм. Эти спутник принадлежат пяти странам — Израилю, Казахстану, Нидерландам, Швейцарии и США.

"По мере подготовки этой миссии продвигаются и работы, связанные с оценкой миссии, анализом интерфейса спутников и другие технические и программные аспект пуска", — добавляют в департаменте.

ЦитироватьIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to send two nano satellites into space namely INS-1A & INS-1B, weighing 10 kg each including payload mass of 5 kg. These nano satellites are meant for technology demonstration. Mission life is expected to be six months to one year.

This information was provided by the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Development of North-Eastern Region (DoNER), MoS PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr Jitendra Singh in written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today.

ЦитироватьThe next PSLV-C37, that will put into orbit a record number of 83 satellites, is being scheduled for launch on January 27, said PSLV Project Director B. Jayakumar.

ЦитироватьAs India looks to grab a larger slice of the lucrative commercial space market, 100 of the 103 satellites set for launch by ISRO's workhorse rocket PSLV-C37 in February from from its Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh belong to foreign nations, including the US and Germany.

"We are making a century by launching over 100 satellites at one go," S. Somnath, Director of the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), told a plenary session on the second day of the ongoing Indian Science Congress here today.

Цитироватьche wi пишет:
Очередное прибавление в группе пассажиров: уже 104 КА (включая 3 индийских).
 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-centres-set-for-the-record-launch-of-104-satellites-at-one-go-by-february-15/articleshow/56856368.cms

Цитироватьтавот пишет:

Идут на рекорд ?

ЦитироватьPlanet is pleased to announce that in February we are launching 88 satellites—the largest fleet of satellites launched in history. The Dove satellites (collectively known as "Flock 3p") will ride aboard a PSLV rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India. They're heading to a morning crossing time, Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO) at an approximate altitude of 500 km. The launch date is currently set for February 14, Valentine's day.

Цитировать Cartosat-2D (http://lk.astronautilus.pl/sat/cartosat2.jpg), mikrosatelity INS-1A i INS-1B oraz 101 CubeSatów (88 Flock, 8 Lemur-2, Nayif-1, BGUSat, PEASSS, DIDO-2 i Al Farabi-1). 

ЦитироватьAll the payloads will totally weigh around 1,500 kg,

ЦитироватьИндийская организация космических исследований (ИСРО) будет восстанавливаться половина общих расходов для запуска на следующей неделе 104 спутников от иностранных капсул , установленный на его лошадкой ракеты PSLV-C37. Из 104 спутников будет запущен 15 февраля, только три индейца. "Мы хотим , чтобы оптимально использовать наши возможности. Мы начинаем наши три спутника. Одно из них 730 килограммов в то время как два других 19 килограммов каждый. Мы имели дополнительное пространство 600 килограммов. Поэтому мы решили приспособить 101 спутников " , сказал председатель Isro AS Киран Кумар. 

"Примерно половина наших затрат будут покрываться за счет иностранных спутников мы запускаем," сказал он, не раскрывая точную сумму Isro будет зарабатывать от иностранных клиентов. Космическое агентство заработал более $ 100 миллионов, запуская иностранных спутников. Он также достиг мастерства на запуск небольших спутников. Isro запустит рекордные 104 спутников через лошадкой ракеты PSLV-C37 15 февраля из Сатиш Дхавана космического центра в Шрихарикоте в штате Андхра - Прадеш. Эти 101 спутники наноспутников и принадлежат иностранных государств, в том числе США и Германии. Индийские спутники из серии Castrosat.

ЦитироватьAs per following link http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=367147

> Weight of Satellites  
* quotes weight as follows 
639 kg (Cartosat-2D) + 27 Kg(assumption for INS-1A & B) + 500 Kg (Others) = 1,166 kg

> Countdown time has been reduced to 28 Hrs as filling of fuel for 2nd and 4th liquid stages are remotely controlled

Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/69464.jpg) ISRO ‏@isro  (https://twitter.com/isro)  13 ч.13 часов назад (https://twitter.com/isro/status/830282589097320450)
Launch of PSLV-C37/Cartosat -2 Series Satellite is scheduled to be launched on Wednesday, February 15, 2017 @ 9.28 Hrs IST from Sriharikota
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156886.jpg)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/230395.jpg)
Hoisting of Nozzel End Segment of PSLV-C37 Core Stage during Vehicle Integration

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Core Stage of PSLV-C37 integrated on to Launch Pedestal

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PSLV-C37 First Stage integrated at Vehicle Assembly Building

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PSLV-C37 Liquid Stage at Stage Processing Facility

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PSLV-C37 Vehicle being integrated at Mobile Service Tower

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PSLV-C37 Heat-shield is being closed with all the 104 satellites inside

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Fully integrated PSLV-C37 seen with Mobile Service Tower

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/230389.jpg)
Spacecraft is being loaded into thermal vacuum chamber for environmental qualification test

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Spacecraft undergoing Solar Panel Illumination Test

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Cartosat-2 Series Satellite undergoing Panel Deployment Test

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Spacecraft undergoing Dynamic Balancing Test

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Cartosat-2 Series Satellite in a clean room at the launch centre

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Fuel filling of Cartosat-2 Series Satellite in progress at SDSC SHAR

ЦитироватьPSLV-C37 / Cartosat -2 Series Satellite

India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, in its thirty ninth flight (PSLV-C37), will launch the 714 kg Cartosat-2 series satellite for earth observation and 103 co-passenger satellites together weighing about 664 kg at lift-off into a 505 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit (SSO). PSLV-C37 will be launched from the First Launch Pad (FLP) of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. It will be the sixteenth flight of PSLV in 'XL' configuration (with the use of solid strap-on motors).
The co-passenger satellites comprise 101 nano satellites, one each from Israel, Kazakhstan, The Netherlands, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and 96 from United States of America (USA), as well as two Nano satellites from India. The total weight of all the satellites carried onboard PSLV-C37 is about 1378 kg.
PSLV-C37 also carries two ISRO Nano satellites (INS-1A and INS-1B), as co-passenger satellites. These two satellites carry a total of four different payloads from Space Applications Centre (SAC) and Laboratory for Electro Optics Systems (LEOS) of ISRO for conducting various experiments.
The 101 International customer Nano satellites are being launched as part of the commercial arrangements between Antrix Corporation Limited (Antrix), a Government of India company under Department of Space (DOS), the commercial arm of ISRO and the International customers.

PSLV-C37 is scheduled to be launched on Wednesday, February 15, 2017 at 9.28 Hrs IST from Sriharikota

ЦитироватьCartosat -2 Series Satellite

The Cartosat-2 series satellite is the primary satellite carried by PSLV-C37. This satellite is similar to the earlier four satellites of the Cartosat-2 series. After its injection into a 505 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit by PSLV-C37, the satellite will be brought to operational configuration following which it will begin providing regular remote sensing services using its Panchromatic and Multi-spectral cameras.
The imageries from Cartosat-2 series satellite will be useful for cartographic applications, urban and rural applications, coastal land use and regulation, utility management like road network monitoring, water distribution, creation of land use maps, change detection to bring out geographical and manmade features and various other Land Information System (LIS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) applications.
Cartosat-2 Series Satellite is scheduled to be launched on Wednesday, February 15, 2017 at 9.28 Hrs IST from Sriharikota.

Launch Mass: 714 kg

Type of Satellite: Earth Observation

Manufacturer: ISRO

Owner: ISRO

Application: Earth Observation

Orbit Type: SSPO

ЦитироватьISRO Nano Satellites

PSLV-C37 also carries two ISRO Nano Satellites – INS-1A and INS-1B. ISRO Nano Satellite (INS) is a versatile and modular Nano satellite bus system envisioned for future science and experimental payloads. The INS system is developed as a co-passenger satellite to accompany bigger satellites on PSLV.
The primary objectives of INS system are to:
 

[/li]
• Design and develop a low cost modular Nano satellite in the weight range of 10 kg capable of carrying payloads up to a weight of 5 kg
• Provide an opportunity for ISRO technology demonstration payloads
• Provide a standard bus for launch on demand services
• Provide an opportunity to carry innovative payloads for Universities / R&D laboratories
  

INS-1A

Overall Size:  
 

[/li]
• 304 x 246 x 364.3 mm3 (stowed)
• 304 x 670 x 364.3 mm3 (deployed)
  

Payloads:
Surface Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Radiometer (SBR) payload from Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad measures the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) of the Earth surface and will take readings of the reflectance of different surface features due to Sun albedo.
Single Event Upset Monitor (SEUM) payload from SAC monitors Single Event Upsets occurring due to high energy radiation in the space environment.

Launch Mass: 8.4 kg

Mission Life: 6 months

Type of Satellite: Experimental

Manufacturer: ISRO

Owner: ISRO

Application: Experimental

Orbit Type: SSPO

INS-1B

Overall Size:
 

[/li]
• 304 x 246 x 510 mm3 (stowed)
• 304 x 670 x 510 mm3 (deployed)
  

Payloads:
Earth Exosphere Lyman Alpha Analyser (EELA) payload from Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS), Bengaluru Registers terrestrial exospheric line-of-sight neutral atomic hydrogen Lyman Alpha flux. Besides, it will estimate the interplanetary hydrogen Lyman-alpha background flux by means of deep space observations.
Origami Camera payload from SAC is a Remote Sensing Colour camera with a novel lens assembly for optical realisation in a small package. There is scope for its future scalability and utilisation in regular satellites.

Launch Mass: 9.7 kg

Mission Life: 6 months

Type of Satellite: Experimental

Manufacturer: ISRO

Owner: ISRO

Application: Experimental

Orbit Type: SSPO

ЦитироватьIndia's PSLV aiming to deploy a record 104 satellites
February 14, 2017 by William Graham

 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/209002.jpg)
India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket is preparing to launch what will become a record haul of 104 satellites on Wednesday in a morning launch fr om the Satish Dhawan Space Centre. Liftoff is scheduled for 09:28 local time (03:58 UTC).
 
 

Спойлер

Record Haul: 
Wednesday's launch, the thirty-ninth flight of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, or PSLV, is primarily tasked with carrying to orbit a Cartosat-2 series reconnaissance satellite for the Indian Government. This will be the fifth Cartosat-2 spacecraft to be launched; following the naming convention of previous such satellites it will be Cartosat-2D.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208975.jpg)
Cartosat-2 is a series of panchromatic Earth imaging satellites, deriving from the original Cartosat-2 spacecraft which was launched in January 2007.
A successor to the earlier Cartosat-1 mission and part of the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) program, Cartosat-2 was a high-resolution imaging spacecraft operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Subsequent spacecraft in the series have been launched for the Indian armed forces to establish a constellation of military reconnaissance satellites. The Cartosat-2A, 2B and 2C satellites were launched in April 2008, July 2010 and June 2016 respectively.

In addition to its panchromatic imager, Cartosat-2D is also equipped with a multispectral imaging payload which was introduced to the series with the previous mission, Cartosat-2C.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208976.jpg)
Based on IRSO's IRS-2 bus, Cartosat-2D has a mass at launch of 714 kilograms (1,570 lb) and is expected to operate for at least five years.

The spacecraft will go into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 505 kilometers (314 miles, 273 nautical miles), with 97.46 degrees inclination, completing one revolution every 94 minutes and 43 seconds.

The PSLV will deploy Cartosat-2D – along with its 103 co-passengers – slightly above this orbit.
Cartosat-2D will be joined on its ride to orbit by a pair of ISRO research satellites named ISRO Nanosatellite 1A and 1B (INS-1A and 1B) and 101 CubeSats.

The total of 104 satellites aboard a single rocket far exceeds the previous record for most spacecraft launched at a single attempt, which currently stands at the thirty-eight orbited by a Dnepr in June 2014, of which thirty-two were deployed from the rocket itself while a thirty-third failed to separate.

Four of the Dnepr's remaining five satellites were deployed later from one of the larger payloads and one of the mission's CubeSats also released a subsatellite.

The two INS spacecraft, designed for six-month missions, carry scientific and technology demonstration payloads for ISRO. The 8.4-kilogram (18.5 lb) INS-1A carries the Surface Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Radiometer (SBR) and Single Event Upset Monitor (SEUM) experiments.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208977.jpg)
SBR will measure the reflectance of sunlight from features on the Earth's surface in order to study the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), an equation describing how light is reflected by opaque bodies. SEUM will be used to study the effect of radiation in the space environment upon the spacecraft's electronics, recording Single Event Upsets (SEUs), wh ere radiation causes a data or memory bit to change state in the satellite's onboard systems.

INS-1A measures 30.4 by 24.6 by 26.4 centimeters (12.0 by 9.7 by 14.3 inches), deploying solar arrays with a span of 67.0 centimeters (26.4 inches) once in orbit. INS-1B is larger along one axis, measuring 30.4 by 24.6 by 51.0 centimeters (12.0 by 9.7 by 20.1 inches). Its solar arrays, which deploy along the second axis, have the same dimensions as INS-1A's.

As well as being larger, INS-1B is heavier than its sister, with a mass of 9.7 kilograms (21.4 lb). The satellite's Earth Exosphere Lyman Alpha Analyser (EELA) experiment will study the flux of Lyman-alpha emissions from hydrogen atoms in Earth's exosphere, as well as taking background readings for the same emissions coming from interplanetary space. A second payload aboard the satellite, the Origami Camera, consists of a color imaging system which will be used to test a new lens assembly on orbit.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208978.jpg)
The majority of the CubeSats aboard Wednesday's mission are being flown for Planet Labs, of the United States, making up the Flock-3p part of the company's large constellation of Earth-imaging CubeSats. The largest batch of Flock – also known as Dove – satellites yet to launch, Flock-3p consists of eighty-eight individual three-unit CubeSats.

Another eight of the PSLV's payloads are Lemur-2 three-unit CubeSats for Spire Global. The twenty-second to twenty-ninth satellites in the Lemur-2 constellation, these spacecraft each carry a meteorological payload – STRATOS – which uses the occultation of signals from GPS satellites passing through Earth's atmosphere to infer atmospheric temperature, humidity and pressure.
In addition, the Lemurs carry SENSE receivers for the Automatic Identification System (AIS), allowing them to pick up and relay tracking data from ships at sea.

Al-Farabi 1 is a two-unit CubeSat built by Kazakhstan's Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. Built primarily to give students experience working on a space mission and to test components, the satellite carries a three-megapixel camera.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208979.jpg)
Ben Gurion University Satellite, or BGUSat, is being flown for Israel's Ben Gurion University who constructed the satellite in conjunction with Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI). A three-unit CubeSat it carries two imaging payloads, an experimental GPS receiver and an optical communication experiment.
The DIDO-2 spacecraft is a three-unit CubeSat which will be operated by Swiss-based SpacePharma, a company which aims to market microgravity research opportunities to customers. The satellite carries a miniature self-contained microgravity research laboratory, mGnify, which is designed to facilitate various different types of experiment.

DIDO-2 is one of two initial spacecraft being launched for SpacePharma; their DIDO-1 satellite is currently scheduled to launch aboard a Falcon 9 rocket later this year alongside the Republic of China's Formosat-5 spacecraft.

Nayif 1 is a single-unit CubeSat from the United Arab Emirates, developed by the Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology (EAIST) and the American University of Sharjah. The satellite will be used for communications experiments and to give students experience in the design and operation of a spacecraft; it also carries FUNcube-5, a British transponder package, for amateur radio and educational outreach communications.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208980.jpg)
The Piezo Electric Assisted Smart Satellite Structure (PEASSS) spacecraft is a technology demonstration satellite which will be operated by a consortium of TNO and Innovated Solutions in Space (ISIS) from the Netherlands, NSL Satellites of Israel and the Israel Institute of Technology, Active Space Technologies of Germany and SONACA of Belgium. PEASSS, a three-unit CubeSat, is geared towards testing "smart structures" for use in future missions.

These include piezo-actuated panels which can be used to point instruments and solar panels, sensors integrated into composite fibers to monitor the temperature and health of the spacecraft structure and new electrical systems.

Wednesday's launch will be made by ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), flying the PSLV-XL configuration.

The heaviest-lift version of the PSLV, the PSLV-XL is a four-stage vehicle with a mixture of solid and liquid-fuelled stages. The rocket which will be used for Wednesday's mission is designated PSLV C37, and will be the thirty-ninth PSLV to fly. The launch will take place from the First Launch Pad (FLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/208981.jpg)
The PSLV's first stage, PS1, is solid-fuelled using an S-138 motor which will ignite once the countdown reaches zero. The first stage is augmented by six PS0M-XL boosters, with S-12 solid motors, four of which are ground-lit and two air-lit. The ground-lit motors will ignite in pairs 0.42 and 0.62 seconds after the first stage, with the PSLV climbing away from Sriharikota. The air-lit motors will ignite twenty-five seconds into the flight.

Following burnout, the first pair of ground-lit solids will separate from the vehicle 79.9 seconds after liftoff, with the second pair following two tenths of a second later. The air-lit motors will separate 92 seconds into the flight.

The first stage is expected to burn until one minute, 50.88 seconds mission elapsed time, at which point it will be jettisoned. Two tenths of a second later the second stage will ignite its Vikas engine to continue the journey towards orbit. PSLV's second stage, or PS2, is liquid-fuelled and burns UH25 propellant – a mixture of hydrazine hydrate and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) – oxidized by dinitrogen tetroxide.

The Vikas engine which powers the stage is a licence-built version of the French Viking engine, which was used by Europe's Ariane rockets up to and including the Ariane 4.
 
During second stage flight, 47.2 seconds after ignition of the Vikas, the payload fairing will separate from the nose of the PSLV. The second stage will continue to burn until the four minute, 22.92-second mark in the flight, when it will shut down and be jettisoned.

Third stage ignition will occur 1.2 seconds after staging, with the solid-fuelled PS3 stage firing its S-7 motor for around 70 seconds. A short coast phase will follow third stage burnout, with third stage separation expected to take place eight minutes and 12.22 seconds after liftoff, ten seconds before the fourth stage ignites.

PSLV's fourth stage, or PS4, has two engines which use liquid monomethylhydrazine (MMH) propellant, oxidized by mixed oxides of nitrogen. The stage will burn for eight minutes and 25.58 seconds to achieve Cartosat-2D's planned orbit, with the primary payload expected to separate 42 seconds after powered fourth-stage flight ends. INS-1A will be deployed ten seconds after Cartosat-2D, with INS-1B deploying half a second later.

Around 52.5 seconds later than this, deployment of the CubeSats will begin, with the process scheduled to occur over the period of ten minutes and ten seconds. The final deployment event is scheduled for twenty-eight minutes and 42.80 seconds elapsed time, concluding PSLV C37's mission.
ISRO plans to use its own Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) satellites for orbit determination on Wednesday's mission instead of the US Global Positioning System (GPS) as has been used on previous launches.

Wednesday's launch is the first of the year for India, whose next launch is currently scheduled for March with the larger Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) Mk.II deploying the GSAT-9 communications satellite. PSLV's next launch is currently expected in April or May with a collection of satellites including India's EMISat and SPaDEx spacecraft.

(Images via ISRO).

[свернуть]

ЦитироватьСтарый пишет:
Мы летим или не летим?

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 1 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831687113494126593)
 
The next known scheduled launch is 0358 UTC Feb 15, an Indian PSLV with a Cartosat-2 imaging sat, INS-1A/1B and 101 cubesats

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 16 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831689825493348354)

PSLV-C37 expected to orbit 105 objects (including PS4 stage), 2017-008A to 008DJ, probably SSN 41948 to 42052 @SpaceTrackOrg (https://twitter.com/SpaceTrackOrg) @Skitt0608 (https://twitter.com/Skitt0608)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831714724681228288)

LAUNCH of PSLV-C37 at 0358 UTC Feb 15

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831714888863141888)
 
Strapon motors have separated and first stage has separated

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 58 сек. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831715562803838978)
 
PSLV second stage separated, third stage now firing

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg) Chris B - NSF ‏@NASASpaceflight  (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight) 6 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/831714643433369600)
 
LAUNCH! PSLV XL launches with Cartosat-2D and 103 tiny friends - Follow Along Live: https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=41528.140 ... (https://t.co/xXaJgtoRMV)
 
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156863.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156864.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156862.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156865.jpg)
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  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg) Chris B - NSF ‏@NASASpaceflight  (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight) 15 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/831712411413536770)
 
The launch key (Mission Director (MD) Authorization)...
 
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156860.jpg) (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156861.jpg)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 3 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831716239131152384)
 
Stage 3 shut down; stays attached for a 2 minute coast

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/69464.jpg) ISRO ‏@isro  (https://twitter.com/isro) 7 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/isro/status/831715644286574592)
 
PSLV-C37 / Cartosat-2 series Mission Lift off Normal as expected.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 4 мин.назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831716527632166913)
 
Stage 3 separation, Stage 4 ignition. Stage 4 burns for 8 minutes - it's a long duration low thrust phase

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831717344074485760)
 
Stage 3 is in a marginally suborbital trajectory and it will reenter in the Antarctic

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 35 сек. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831718653301231617)
 
PSLV PS4 now in orbit, preparing for satellite deployments. The big Cartosat-2 comes off first

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 54 сек. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831718900643553280)
 
Cartosat-2, INS-1A, INS-1B separated. Now the cubesats

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831719205670117376)
 
First cubesats are out. I don't have any info about the order of separation

ЦитироватьFeb 15, 2017 : PSLV C34 / Cartosat-2 Series Mission - Lift Off Normal

 (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c34-cartosat-2-series-mission-lift-normal) Feb 15, 2017 : Mission Director has authorised Vehicle Director for launch. Automatic Launch Sequence (ALS) program initiation authorised by Vehicle Director and ALS started for launch at 09:16 Hrs IST

 (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/mission-director-has-authorised-vehicle-director-launch-automatic-launch-sequence) Feb 15, 2017 : Real Time System simulation & Data transmission checks Completed. Vehicle Internal Checks Completed. Countdown is progressing normally (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/real-time-system-simulation-data-transmission-checks-completed-vehicle-internal)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин.2 минуты назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831721124467765252)
 
The first 5 @ISILaunch (https://twitter.com/ISILaunch) Quadpacks are apparently designated QP 5.1, 15.1, 19.4-1, 19.4-2 and 19.2. Alas I don't know which sats in which.
[/li][li]
  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 3 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831720769273098240)
 
The ejections - 8 sats at a time - staggered by 5 seconds each based on info on the ISRO webcast
 
  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 4 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831720605292568576)
 
Cubesats are in @ISILaunch (https://twitter.com/ISILaunch) Quadpacks, with 4 sats each. Two quadpacks eject their cargo at once - presume in opposite direcitons for balance
 
  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 10 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831719205670117376)
 
First cubesats are out. I don't have any info about the order of separation

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 32 сек. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831722305864732676)
 
ISRO reports all 104 satellites have been deployed!

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/186040.jpg) Chris B - NSF ‏@NASASpaceflight  (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight) 3 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/831722143373221888)
 
S/C Sep (lots) - PSLV deploys a world record 104 sats. ARTICLE: https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/02/indias-pslv-record-104-satellites/ ... (https://t.co/6vh7mLOu8T) - COVERAGE: https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=41528.0 ... (https://t.co/yLpi8Imy64)
 
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156852.jpg)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156853.jpg)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156854.jpg)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156855.jpg)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/69464.jpg) ISRO ‏@isro  (https://twitter.com/isro) 3 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/isro/status/831723108398665732)
 
PSLV-C37 / Cartosat -2 Series Mission Successfully Launched all 104 Satellites

Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
ISRO reports all 104 satellites have been deployed!

ЦитироватьFeb 15, 2017 : PSLV C37 / Cartosat-2 Series Mission accomplished Successfully
 (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-mission-accomplished-successfully)
 Feb 15, 2017 : PSLV C37 / Cartosat-2 Series Mission - Third Stage Performance is Normal
 (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-mission-third-stage-performance-normal)
 Feb 15, 2017 : PSLV C37 / Cartosat-2 Series Mission - Second Stage Seperated. Third Stage Ignited.
 (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-mission-second-stage-seperated-third-stage-ignited)
 Feb 15, 2017 : PSLV-C37 / Cartosat 2 Series Mission - Heat Shield Seperated (http://www.isro.gov.in/update/15-feb-2017/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-mission-heat-shield-seperated)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/69464.jpg) ISRO ‏@isro  (https://twitter.com/isro) 3 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/isro/status/831728194218770432)
 
PSLV-C37 Successfully launched Cartosat-2 Series Satellite along with 103 co-passenger satellites http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite ... (https://t.co/I4jhAcLcce)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156857.jpg)

Цитировать

•  (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185882.jpg) Planet ‏@planetlabs  (https://twitter.com/planetlabs) 12 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/planetlabs/status/831554205437480961)
   
  88 Doves will fly today on the #PSLVC37 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/PSLVC37?src=hash) launch. Wish them luck! https://www.planet.com/pulse/record-breaking-88-satellites/ ... (https://t.co/BjF0iSO8q4)
   (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156832.jpg)
  

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185882.jpg) Planet ‏@planetlabs  (https://twitter.com/planetlabs) 8 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planetlabs/status/831739624892555264)
 
Big day. The PSLV rocket has successfully lofted 88 Doves into Low Earth Orbit. Read the post-launch report: https://www.planet.com/pulse/planet-launches-satellite-constellation-to-image-the-whole-planet-daily/ ... (https://t.co/unceXAk1Ws)
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156859.jpg)

ЦитироватьRobbie Schingler (https://www.planet.com/pulse/author/robbie/) | February 14, 2017
 
  88 (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/88/) -  Flock 3p (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/flock-3p/) -  isro (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/isro/) -  launch (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/launch/) -  mission 1 (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/mission-1/) -  pslv (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/pslv/)

February 14, 2017, 19:58 PST
Today Planet successfully launched 88 Dove satellites to orbit—the largest satellite constellation ever to reach orbit. This is not just a launch (or a world record, for that matter!); for our team this is a major milestone. With these satellites in orbit, Planet will reach its Mission 1: the ability to image all of Earth's landmass every day.

Спойлер

Tonight is the culmination of a huge effort over the past 5 years. In 2011 we set ourselves the audacious mission of imaging the entire Earth land area every day. We were convinced that armed with such data, humanity would be able to have a significant positive impact on many of the world's greatest challenges. We calculated that it would take between 100-150 satellites to achieve this, and we started building them. After today's launch, Planet operates 144 satellites in orbit. We have reached our milestone.

It's taken a minor Apollo project to get here! Behind the scenes we've miniaturized satellites; learned how to manufacture them at scale; constructed the world's second largest private network of ground stations; custom built an automated mission control system; created a massive data pipeline able to process the vast amount of imagery we collect; and developed a software platform that lets customers, researchers, governments and NGOs access imagery quickly. Each of these has been a significant undertaking in and of itself—and together it represents a major systems engineering project. This is not to mention the non-engineering efforts from raising capital, receiving regulatory licenses, booking launches, and building a base of hundreds of partners that use the data to solve their needs.

Without a doubt, the single largest driver behind this record-breaking success is the unrelenting dedication of the Planet team. We've been humbled by them for the last five years and we thank them today.

Next up: getting this data to our customers and to those who need it the most! But for now Planet is having a great start to the year worthy of a little celebration.
—Will & Robbie
 

. . . . . . . . . . . .

 
Here are some additional facts and figures regarding this launch:
 

[/li]
• The 88 Dove satellites (collectively known as "Flock 3p") rode aboard a PSLV rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India
• This leads to two world records: a record for the most satellites ever launched on a single rocket; and a record for the largest private satellite constellation in history, totaling 149 satellites in all
• This is our 15th launch of Dove satellites and second aboard India's PSLV. The launch of Flock 3p comes off the successful launch of Flock 2p on the PSLV in June 2016
• After deployment, all 88 satellites will be autonomously commissioned in batches. We expect Flock 3p to enter normal imaging operations in about three months
• Each of the Flock 3p satellites—our 13th build—sports a 200 mbps downlink speed and is capable of collecting over 2 million km² per day
  

[свернуть]

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831743471736217601)

Cartosat-2 Series Satellite cataloged as 41948 in a 491 x 508 km, 0930LTDN sun sync orbit.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/67516.jpg) Jonathan McDowell ‏@planet4589  (https://twitter.com/planet4589) 2 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/831743597833760768)
 
The PSLV-C37 PS4 stage cataloged as 42052 in a 474 x 494 km x 97.5 deg orbit

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/69464.jpg) ISRO ‏@isro  (https://twitter.com/isro) 2 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/isro/status/831837103935860736)
 
Watch Lift-Off Video of PSLV-C37 Launch from On-board Camera http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c37-cartosat-2-series-satellite/pslv-c37-lift-and-onboard-camera-video ... (https://t.co/AeM7xrI3q3)
 
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/156874.jpg)

Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
привожу только крайние

ЦитироватьАртём Жаров пишет:
Показали даже рокеткамы: от пуска и до "отстреливания" всех спутников:

Цитироватьzandr пишет:
Нет, это не пулемёт, это - "град"!  :evil:  

Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
Появились наборы TLE (не на весь ансамбль  :(  )...

Цитироватьzandr пишет:

И, в основном, полагаю, это не долгоживущие научные аппараты, а тестовые приборы для отработки пары функций за пару месяцев.
Это сколько же мусора на десятилетия!

Цитироватьzandr пишет:

ЦитироватьАртём Жаров пишет:
Показали даже рокеткамы: от пуска и до "отстреливания" всех спутников:

Нет, это не пулемёт, это - "град"!  :evil:

Цитироватьzandr пишет: 
т.е вся сотня - на 500км. И, в основном, полагаю, это не долгоживущие научные аппараты, а тестовые приборы для отработки пары функций за пару месяцев.
Это сколько же мусора на десятилетия!

ЦитироватьПлейшнер пишет:

Цитироватьzandr пишет:
т.е вся сотня - на 500км. И, в основном, полагаю, это не долгоживущие научные аппараты, а тестовые приборы для отработки пары функций за пару месяцев.
Это сколько же мусора на десятилетия!

Думается, надо урезать на порядок.
Не затевая очередные "разборки" про баллистический коэффициент, но все же время существования "десятилетия" характерно для КА на высотах 600-700км, а на 500 км - несколько лет.

Цитироватьzandr пишет:
Ещё лучше! :( До высоты МКС через сколько опустятся?

Цитироватьzandr пишет:

Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
привожу только крайние

т.е вся сотня - на 500км. И, в основном, полагаю, это не долгоживущие научные аппараты, а тестовые приборы для отработки пары функций за пару месяцев.
Это сколько же мусора на десятилетия!

Цитироватьzandr пишет:

ЦитироватьПлейшнер пишет:

Цитироватьzandr пишет:
т.е вся сотня - на 500км. И, в основном, полагаю, это не долгоживущие научные аппараты, а тестовые приборы для отработки пары функций за пару месяцев.
Это сколько же мусора на десятилетия!

Думается, надо урезать на порядок.
Не затевая очередные "разборки" про баллистический коэффициент, но все же время существования "десятилетия" характерно для КА на высотах 600-700км, а на 500 км - несколько лет.

Ещё лучше!  :(  До высоты МКС через сколько опустятся?

Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
Planet Launches Satellite Constellation to Image the Whole Planet Daily (https://www.planet.com/pulse/planet-launches-satellite-constellation-to-image-the-whole-planet-daily/) Planet Launches Satellite Constellation to Image the Whole Planet Daily (https://www.planet.com/pulse/planet-launches-satellite-constellation-to-image-the-whole-planet-daily/)

ЦитироватьRobbie Schingler (https://www.planet.com/pulse/author/robbie/) | February 14, 2017
 
  88 (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/88/) -  Flock 3p (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/flock-3p/) -  isro (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/isro/) -  launch (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/launch/) -  mission 1 (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/mission-1/) -  pslv (https://www.planet.com/pulse/tag/pslv/)

 February 14, 2017, 19:58 PST
Today Planet successfully launched 88 Dove satellites to orbit—the largest satellite constellation ever to reach orbit. This is not just a launch (or a world record, for that matter!); for our team this is a major milestone. With these satellites in orbit, Planet will reach its Mission 1: the ability to image all of Earth's landmass every day.
 

Спойлер

Tonight is the culmination of a huge effort over the past 5 years. In 2011 we set ourselves the audacious mission of imaging the entire Earth land area every day. We were convinced that armed with such data, humanity would be able to have a significant positive impact on many of the world's greatest challenges. We calculated that it would take between 100-150 satellites to achieve this, and we started building them. After today's launch, Planet operates 144 satellites in orbit. We have reached our milestone.

It's taken a minor Apollo project to get here! Behind the scenes we've miniaturized satellites; learned how to manufacture them at scale; constructed the world's second largest private network of ground stations; custom built an automated mission control system; created a massive data pipeline able to process the vast amount of imagery we collect; and developed a software platform that lets customers, researchers, governments and NGOs access imagery quickly. Each of these has been a significant undertaking in and of itself—and together it represents a major systems engineering project. This is not to mention the non-engineering efforts from raising capital, receiving regulatory licenses, booking launches, and building a base of hundreds of partners that use the data to solve their needs.

Without a doubt, the single largest driver behind this record-breaking success is the unrelenting dedication of the Planet team. We've been humbled by them for the last five years and we thank them today.

Next up: getting this data to our customers and to those who need it the most! But for now Planet is having a great start to the year worthy of a little celebration.
— Will & Robbie
 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Here are some additional facts and figures regarding this launch:
 The 88 Dove satellites (collectively known as "Flock 3p") rode aboard a PSLV rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India This leads to two world records: a record for the most satellites ever launched on a single rocket; and a record for the largest private satellite constellation in history, totaling 149 satellites in all This is our 15th launch of Dove satellites and second aboard India's PSLV. The launch of Flock 3p comes off the successful launch of Flock 2p on the PSLV in June 2016 After deployment, all 88 satellites will be autonomously commissioned in batches. We expect Flock 3p to enter normal imaging operations in about three months Each of the Flock 3p satellites—our 13th build—sports a 200 mbps downlink speed and is capable of collecting over 2 million km² per

[свернуть]

day

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185584.jpg) Spire ‏@SpireGlobal  (https://twitter.com/SpireGlobal) 17 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/SpireGlobal/status/831722152336297984)

Welcome to orbit LEMUR2-JOBANPUTRA,SPIRE-MINIONS,SATCHMO,RDEATON,SMITA-SHARAD,MIA-GRACE,NOGUESCORREIG,TACHIKOMA #lemurfever (https://twitter.com/hashtag/lemurfever?src=hash)

Цитировать
 (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185882.jpg) Planet Подлинная учетная запись ‏@planetlabs (https://twitter.com/planetlabs)
Happy to report that all of the 88 Doves are happy, healthy, and rotating in real-time!
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/155913.jpg)
 14:38 - 15 февр. 2017 г.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185882.jpg) Planet ‏@planetlabs  (https://twitter.com/planetlabs) 1 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/planetlabs/status/831996137259180033)

Happy to report that all of the 88 Doves are happy, healthy, and rotating in real-time!
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/155913.jpg)

Цитироватьтавот пишет: 
Они таким роем не бьются друг об друга?

Цитироватьzandr пишет:

ЦитироватьАртём Жаров пишет:
Показали даже рокеткамы: от пуска и до "отстреливания" всех спутников:

Нет, это не пулемёт, это - "град"!  :evil:

ЦитироватьSolar Sailor пишет:
Не на 88 же разных частотах они работают.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185467.jpg) JSpOC‏@JointSpaceOps  (https://twitter.com/JointSpaceOps) 9 мин назад (https://twitter.com/JointSpaceOps/status/835203377231376385)
 
71 objects have been cataloged from the PSLV launch - the others are close together and will be cataloged once they separate.

Цитироватьtnt22 пишет:
Каталогизирован 71 объект

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185295.jpg) (https://twitter.com/TSKelso)T.S. Kelso‏@TSKelso  (https://twitter.com/TSKelso) 23 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/TSKelso/status/835190141111042048)

CelesTrak now has TLEs for 71 objects from PSLV C37 launch, 67 of which are cubesats. We're still working IDs.

Цитировать Ham radio satellite transmits Vice President's message (https://amsat-uk.org/2017/02/25/nayif-1-uae-vice-president-message/)

The National newspaper reports a message by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, Vice President and Ruler of Dubai, is being beamed across the world from space as the first to be transmitted by the UAE's Nayif-1 satellite.

The National says:

Nayif-1 was launched February 15 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India and is being tracked by a team of scientists at a control centre at American University of Sharjah.

The country's first nanosatellite is transmitting the message in Arabic which reads: 'The renaissance of peoples, nations and civilizations starts with education; and the future of nations starts at their schools.'

Nayif-1's main mission objective is to send and receive messages on amateur radio frequencies.

The nanosatellite boasts a number of advanced features, most notably it is programmed to transfer messages in Arabic.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185295.jpg) T.S. Kelso‏ @TSKelso  (https://twitter.com/TSKelso) 22 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/TSKelso/status/836743137888370694)

CelesTrak has now identified 49 of the 88 FLOCK 3P cubesats, comparing Planet & JSpOC TLEs. SATCAT & TLEs updated.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185295.jpg) T.S. Kelso‏ @TSKelso  (https://twitter.com/TSKelso) 5 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/TSKelso/status/837001355608760320)
 
CelesTrak now has TLEs for 25 more objects from PSLV-C37 launch on Feb 15.

Цитировать(https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/837353179536850944/4Nor58rg_bigger.jpg) Rachana‏ @rachanareddym  (https://twitter.com/rachanareddym) 27 мин. назад (https://twitter.com/rachanareddym/status/839579807687979008)

INS 1A and INS 1B nano satellites have stabilized and are under control! http://dlvr.it/NZTrWn (https://t.co/kx5JKlMDqZ)

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185467.jpg) JSpOC‏ @JointSpaceOps  (https://twitter.com/JointSpaceOps) 1 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/JointSpaceOps/status/839985339838189568)
 
All PSLV objects have been cataloged and all but 13 have been named. Please see @space (https://twitter.com/space)-track.org tomorrow for more details.

Цитировать(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185295.jpg) T.S. Kelso‏ @TSKelso  (https://twitter.com/TSKelso) 5 ч. назад (https://twitter.com/TSKelso/status/842922666998751233)
 
Scary set of 400+ conjunctions this week for PSLV-C37 payloads with COSMOS 1674. Search for COSMOS 1674 at http://celestrak.com/SOCRATES/search.asp ... (https://t.co/hCz4yRu2Y3).