http://www.rol.ru/news/misc/spacenews/05/12/13_004.htm
Прочитав даную статью меня удивила фраза про то что телескоп JWST будет выведен европейской ракетой. Стало интересно когда происходил тендер на выбор носителя, и почему американцы не стали использовать свою ракету, такого класса чтоли нет?
Учитывая что Ариан-5 выведет еще Планк, Гершель, Гайю, приходит мысль что на европейской РН полетит и SIM и TFP да и другие тяжелые научные аппараты?
Ариан-4 ESC лучшая РН по массе ПН на ГПО или на отлетной траектории. Потому как использует довыводящийся водородный разгонник. А так - у нее ПН примерно равна Протону.
Ну - еще есть Дельта-4 в варианте хеви - 13 т - на ГПО.
Прада денег стоить наверное оооочень много...
ЦитироватьА так - у нее ПН примерно равна Протону.
У Ариана-4?
У Ариана-5 на низкой орбите. Ясно дело, что водородный разгонник вытащит больше, чем Бриз-М ;-).
С другой стороны, Ариан и стоит малость побольше ;-).
Уже полтора месяца как ничего кроме Арианео не летает.
Фалькон переносят, Космос переносят, всякие другие тоже не летают.
К чему бы это?
ЦитироватьУже полтора месяца как ничего кроме Арианео не летает.
Фалькон переносят, Космос переносят, всякие другие тоже не летают.
К чему бы это?
Как это вы с 16-го ноября полтора месяца насчитали :). В том что Фалькон перенесли нет ничего необычного, а "ничего" не летало из-за замены приборов на Бризе-М :)
ЦитироватьЦитироватьУже полтора месяца как ничего кроме Арианео не летает.
Фалькон переносят, Космос переносят, всякие другие тоже не летают.
К чему бы это?
Как это вы с 16-го ноября полтора месяца насчитали :). В том что Фалькон перенесли нет ничего необычного, а "ничего" не летало из-за замены приборов на Бризе-М :)
Последний неАриан летал 9-го ноабря, так что полтора месяца как раз!
Ничего удивительного не будет, если и старты протонов перенесут, так же как перенесли вчерашний Космос.
ЦитироватьПоследний неАриан летал 9-го ноабря, так что полтора месяца как раз!
Ничего удивительного не будет, если и старты протонов перенесут, так же как перенесли вчерашний Космос.
Ну тогда можно заметить, что полгода (с 12.02 по 11.08 ) ни одной Арианы не летало, к чему бы это? :)
Ариан-5 довольно удолбищная ракета сделанная по "шаттловскому" принципу.
Получилось "ни рыба, ни мясо" - ПН для водородника маленькая, на уровне того же Протона.
Стоимость тоже неслабая.
Почему США используют Ариан-5? - Потому, что их "новомодные" Атласы и Дельты в тяжелой модификации получились Ещё Дороже. :)
При том, что они не отработаны Вообще, а вот Ариан-5 летала уже достаточно много раз.
Тут года полтора-два назад "масса народа" челом била, что модульные Дельты и Атласы - "Гвоздь Программы" и они наиболее эффективное экономическое решение. ;)
Сейчас что-то это так забылось-забылось быстро-быстро... ;) :D
> Тут года полтора-два назад "масса народа" челом била, что модульные > Дельты и Атласы - "Гвоздь Программы" и они наиболее эффективное > экономическое решение.
Ну так - они и есть лучше.
Правда, если сравнивать с шатлом и титаном Ж)
А выбрали ариану думаю только благодаря отлаженому пиару/маркетингу. Захотели - повезли бы и на своем...
Да выбрали потому-что ЕКА бесплатно предложило в качестве вклада. За свои надо было-бы платить.
Цитировать> Тут года полтора-два назад "масса народа" челом била, что модульные > Дельты и Атласы - "Гвоздь Программы" и они наиболее эффективное > экономическое решение.
Ну так - они и есть лучше.
Правда, если сравнивать с шатлом и титаном Ж)
А выбрали ариану думаю только благодаря отлаженому пиару/маркетингу. Захотели - повезли бы и на своем...
С Титаном да, а с шаттлом... :)
Шаттл ещё и "возвращаемая орбитальная станция" - ну сделали его так. Это не просто грузовой челнок. :)
2Ворон:
Ну так Шаттл должен был заменить все средства доставки (и, понятно, обеспечить средства возвращения, пилотируемые полеты, о чем речь не идет)
С доставкой справился не очень - вот и разработали Атлас и Дельту.
А стали ли они лучше - смотря с чем сраввнивать.
Лучше за титан и шаттл - да. Но ведь есть еще много ракет :)
European rocket to lift NASA telescope
http://www.floridatoday.com/apps/pbc...EWS02/60126001
.... The unusual arrangement involves no cash but will save NASA tens of millions of dollars in launch costs at a time when the agency's budget is shifting to support an estimated $100 billion program to send astronauts back to the moon. ..... Lewis said it was his understanding the State Department reviewed and approved a memorandum of understanding between NASA and ESA. A spokesman for NASA did not immediately return a call seeking a comment on the agreement.
In November, NASA officials announced the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope would be delayed until 2013, nearly two years later than previously scheduled.
Space agency officials blamed the delay on initial budget and schedule projections that were too optimistic.
The Webb telescope will be a powerful observatory, far more capable than Hubble, which is nearing the end of its service life.
Ariane 5's dual-satellite payload gets its "kick"
February 7, 2006
http://www.arianespace.com/site/news...ate_index.html
"Both satellites for Arianespace's upcoming heavy-lift Ariane 5 ECA mission have been fueled in the S5 payload preparation facility at Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana. The S5 facility has multiple high-bay preparation zones, allowing several satellites to be processed in parallel - even during potentially hazardous operations as spacecraft fueling. This provides for fast, efficient launch campaigns that meet the scheduling and availability of customer satellites."
They have also worked on using Ariane for the first ATV, the construction is now complete it is called the Jules Verne, in memory of the first sci fi writer.
Still haven't heard what date they are going to try and launch that Jules verne ATV
Reply With Quote
Executive of the Year : Arianespace Jean-Yves Le Gall
http://www.telecomweb.com/satellite/...over_story.htm
Via Satellite: In 2005, NASA awarded
Arianespace a significant civil contract, even though the United States has its own dedicated vehicles for civil missions. Do you see future U.S. civil missions for Arianespace?
Le Gall: First, let me say that we are honored to be launching NASA's flagship astronomy satellite, the James Webb Space Telescope. The decision demonstrates the trust NASA places in Arianespace to successfully launch this large and advanced spacecraft to L2. As far as the future is concerned, time will tell. It also will depend on the scale of future U.S. civil missions that materialize. And I am certain as space exploration advances, and continued growth is made with the International Space Station, there will be a strong need for cargo and scientific payloads to be sent to space....
Europe to Mars ?
http://www.marssociety.de/html/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=viewtopic&t=234
ESA's Future Launcher Preparatory Programme (FLPP) is focusing on the preparation of a Next Generation Launcher (NGL)
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Home/SEMNCI1PGQD_1.html
Ariane-M would be the European Very Heavy Launcher
(http://uplink.space.com/attachments//128767-ArianeMoverview.JPG)
ArianeM would lift 120 tonnes in Leo
Европейская аэрокосмическая компания EADS решила отложить на полку проект создания новой версии ракеты Ariane грузоподъемностью 12 тонн (при выводе спутников на геостационарную орбиту). EADS объяснила свое решение отсутствием спроса на подобные тяжелые ракеты. Нынешняя самая мощная ракета семейства Ariane - Ariane 5 ECA - имеет грузоподъемность 10 тонн, то есть может вывести на геостационарную орбиту два крупных современных спутника, так что необходимости в 12-тонной ракете пока нет. Руководитель подразделения EADS Space Transportation Йозеф Кинд (Josef Kind) в интервью Financial Times Deutschland признал, что прогнозы быстрого роста спроса на запуски больших спутников оказались ошибочными, пишет "Россия-он-лайн" по материалам SpaceDaily.
Вместо тяжелых ракета Ariane компания EADS намерена заняться разработкой беспилотных космических аппаратов, способных планировать в земной атмосфере. Предполагается, что такие аппараты начнут активные полеты в 2015-2020 годах. Правда, решение о проектировании таких аппаратов должно принять Европейское космическое агентство, и предполагается, что оно сделает это в декабре 2005 г. По подсчетам EADS, проект космического глайдера будет стоить 200-250 млн евро в год, и он позволит сохранить в компании около 1500 рабочих мест. По словам Кинда, этот проект уже нашел поддержку в Германии.
«Урал» (Oural)
Federal Space Agency head Anatoly Perminov called France "our closest partner." At present, the Starsem joint venture between Russia and France launches rockets from Baikonur.
http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2006/02/150206.asp
There have been 15 successful launches to date, and another six are scheduled for 2006-07. Elsewhere, Perminov and the president of the French space agency CNES, Yannick D'Escatha, signed a protocol for developing medium and heavy Ural rockets, which France plans to utilize when its Ariane-5 series is no longer usable.
15 марта в Париже руководитель Роскосмоса Анатолий Перминов и президент Национального центра космических исследований Франции CNES Янник д'Эската (Yannick d'Escatha) подписали соглашение по будущим носителям и пилотируемым полетам.
Программа «Урал» (Oural), которая инициирована Францией, но которую планируется сделать общеевропейской, предусматривает создание технологических демонстраторов, предназначенных для будущей разработки носителя в кооперации с Россией.
А кто бы объяснил такой парадокс:
У "Протона" стартовая масса 700 тонн и у "Ариана" 700 тонн.
У "Протона" ПН на ЛЕО 21 тонна и у "Ариана" тоже.
Но ведь "Ариан" же на водороде! Удельный импульс выше.
Так куда же столь бездарно профукано преимущество водородной первой ступени?
Ну и вдогонку еще вопросы.
Какие массы стартовая и ПН на ЛЕО у "хэви" "Дельты" и "Атласа"?
(почему-то не смог нигде найти стартовых масс).
Сколько бы "Протон" вывел на ГСО, стартуя с экватора.
Кстать, пытаются запустить прям ща
Rocket: Ariane 5 ECA
Payload: SPAINSAT & Hot Bird 7A
Date: March 9, 2006
Window: 2206-2313 GMT (5:06-6:13 p.m. EST)
Site: ELA-3, Kourou, French Guiana
Видео тут
http://www.videocorner.tv/index.php?langue=en
текст тут
http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ariane/v170/status.html
Не пошло. Проблемы с наддувом?
ЦитироватьTonight's Ariane 5 ECA mission was postponed following a low pressure reading in the launcher's cryogenic upper stage during the final countdown.
Arianespace CEO Jean-Yves Le Gall said launch team members were unable to bring the pressure back to a level acceptable for liftoff, and the decision was made to stop the operations for further investigation. An update on the situation will be provided tomorrow morning.
Через 10 мин. пускают
смотрите трансляцию
Ariane 5 : HOT BIRD 7A & SPAINSAT
http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=1121&start=121
http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ariane/v170/status.html
LAUNCH ! & LIFTOFF !
Plus+3 minutes. Altitude is 96 km, velocity is 2.1 km/sec. All systems are reported normal.
ЦитироватьА кто бы объяснил такой парадокс:
У "Протона" стартовая масса 700 тонн и у "Ариана" 700 тонн.
У "Протона" ПН на ЛЕО 21 тонна и у "Ариана" тоже.
Но ведь "Ариан" же на водороде! Удельный импульс выше.
Так куда же столь бездарно профукано преимущество водородной первой ступени?
Ну Ариан первоначально была под ГПО заточена, кстати стартовая масса у варианта ES, который на ЛЕО используется, около 780 т. Водород это конечно хорошо, однако 2,5-ступенчатая схема, СТУ и слабосильная 2-я ступень съедают его преимущества.
some photos
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Home/SEMBPVM65LE_1.html
8)
Цитироватьsome photos
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Home/SEMBPVM65LE_1.html
8)
Что-то от официального сайта (http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Launchers_Access_to_Space/SEMQ5P57ESD_0.html) я такого не ожидал:
ЦитироватьThe Soyuz rocket is the workhorse of the Russian human spaceflight missions and has been used for that purpose longer than any other spacecraft. In the 1950s it began transporting cosmonauts into space and then to the Soviet stations Salyout and Mir.
:shock:
ЦитироватьIn the 1950s it began transporting cosmonauts into space
Ну да, дэто так, сэм-восэм... :P
Я вот про Вегу глянул:
ЦитироватьVega has been designed...
Unlike most small launchers, Vega will be able to place multiple payloads into orbit.
Загоняют что-то ребята :twisted:
ЦитироватьЯ вот про Вегу глянул:
ЦитироватьVega has been designed...
Unlike most small launchers, Vega will be able to place multiple payloads into orbit.
Загоняют что-то ребята :twisted:
Да нет тут вроде все нормально, художественно должно звучать как-то так: "В отличии от большинства носителей легкого класса...", ну так оно и есть большинство легких РН "multiple payloads" не выводит, но с другой стороны, что понимать под этим? Даже на самой захудалой РН, которая только на орбиту выбирается можно наверняка запустить кучку Cubesat-ов они ж по килограмму всего, вот и будет "multiple payloads" :)
Атож !
Сколько есть доступных на рынке легких РН, которые еще не выводили multiple payload ?
А вот почему "Циклон" может вывести аж шесть "Стрел" в одном пуске, а "Космос-3М" - только две? Грузоподъёмность-то у них отличается не в три раза!
ЦитироватьА вот почему "Циклон" может вывести аж шесть "Стрел" в одном пуске, а "Космос-3М" - только две? Грузоподъёмность-то у них отличается не в три раза!
Может размер свободной зоны в ГО? Ну грузоподъемность наверняка не при чем, шесть "Стрел" это где-то 1.6т, так что пять-шесть штук и Рокот мог бы потянуть, а он тоже нет, только 3 могет.
ЦитироватьАтож !
Сколько есть доступных на рынке легких РН, которые еще не выводили multiple payload ?
Видимо европейцам нужны хоть какие-нибудь аргументы за Вегу. Ведь истинные причины Веги - 1. Необходимость загрузить кооперацию, чтоб кадры не потерять и 2. Сделать дешевую РН. Со вторым пунктом у них наверное как обычно ничего не получится (особенно по сравнению с Днепром, Рокотом и прочими "условно бесплатными"), а первый они широко озвучивать не хотят, вот и появляются всякие дурацкие аргументы типа "multiple payload".
Вот кстати, вопросец - почему, если РН может потянуть там 5 или 6 тонн, ее грузят только на, например, 4.5 ? Можно ведь топлива долить в спутник, или я что-то не понимаю ?
ЦитироватьВот кстати, вопросец - почему, если РН может потянуть там 5 или 6 тонн, ее грузят только на, например, 4.5 ? Можно ведь топлива долить в спутник, или я что-то не понимаю ?
А что, не доливают? Кругом ворье :evil:
ЦитироватьВот кстати, вопросец - почему, если РН может потянуть там 5 или 6 тонн, ее грузят только на, например, 4.5 ? Можно ведь топлива долить в спутник, или я что-то не понимаю ?
Если спутник легче, чем может вытянуть РН на стандартную ГПО (ну сделали его таким, не подумавши :) ), то его просто выводят на ГПО, для перехода с которой на стационар требуется меньшее приращение скорости, чем со стандартной, поэтому в спутник ничего доливать не нужно.
ЦитироватьВот кстати, вопросец - почему, если РН может потянуть там 5 или 6 тонн, ее грузят только на, например, 4.5 ? Можно ведь топлива долить в спутник, или я что-то не понимаю ?
Чтоб долить больше топлива требуется увеличить объём баков. А это практически всегда невозможно.
ЦитироватьА вот почему "Циклон" может вывести аж шесть "Стрел" в одном пуске, а "Космос-3М" - только две? Грузоподъёмность-то у них отличается не в три раза!
Потому что Космос двухступенчатый а Циклон трёхступенчатый. Суммарный выводимый на орбиту вес пропорционален стартовой массе РН, но Космос вынужден тащить на орбиту здороввенную 2-ю ступень в итоге на ПН остаётся мало.
ЦитироватьЦитироватьА вот почему "Циклон" может вывести аж шесть "Стрел" в одном пуске, а "Космос-3М" - только две? Грузоподъёмность-то у них отличается не в три раза!
Потому что Космос двухступенчатый а Циклон трёхступенчатый. Суммарный выводимый на орбиту вес пропорционален стартовой массе РН, но Космос вынужден тащить на орбиту здороввенную 2-ю ступень в итоге на ПН остаётся мало.
А Рокот почему не может, он же трехступенчатый?
ЦитироватьА Рокот почему не может, он же трехступенчатый?
У Рокота ПН на средневысотные орбиты почти вдвое больше чем у Космоса.
Значит - ответ на мой вопрос - большее значение перигелия для более легкого спутника ?
ps. когда гробанулся зенит с ico - что там за орбита была ?
ЦитироватьЗначит - ответ на мой вопрос - большее значение перигелия для более легкого спутника ?
ps. когда гробанулся зенит с ico - что там за орбита была ?
1. Да, как правило. при запусках на ГПО.
2. Штатная рабочая (недостигнутая при пуске 12.03.2000) - круг высотой 10390 км х 45 град.
ЦитироватьЗначит - ответ на мой вопрос - большее значение перигелия для более легкого спутника ?
ps. когда гробанулся зенит с ico - что там за орбита была ?
1. Да, как правило. при запусках на ГПО (только
перигея).
2. Штатная рабочая (недостигнутая при пуске 12.03.2000) - круг высотой 10390 км х 45 град.
круг высотой 10390 км х 45 град - что за чудо ?
Прямо на круг или на "переходную" :shock: к нему орбиту ?
Цитироватькруг высотой 10390 км х 45 град - что за чудо ?
Прямо на круг или на "переходную" к нему орбиту ?
Да, прямо на круг, вес у спутника был не слишком большой. А орбита такая выбрана исходя из назначения - спутниковая связь. С одной стороны обеспечивает всеохватность, с другой - нужно меньше спутников, чем у Глобалстар и Иридиум.
Ariane-1, 2, 3, 4, 5... или Перспективы европейцев в космосе ЦитироватьЕвропейская ракета-носитель Ariane-5 вот уже 15 лет подряд исправно выполняет свою миссию - выводит в космос спутники самого разного назначения. Но пора бы уже задуматься над разработкой следующего поколения ракеты.
Ракета-носитель Ariane, сегодня существующая уже в пятом поколении, относится к самым успешным программам Европейского космического агентства. Менее месяца назад состоялся юбилейный, двухсотый старт Ariane-5: ракета вывела на околоземную орбиту автоматический грузовой космический корабль Johannes Kepler, который затем состыковался с Международной космической станцией, доставив на борт более семи тонн грузов, в том числе пять тонн топлива, запасы кислорода и воды, продовольствие, одежду и почту для экипажа, научное оборудование и расходные материалы. Конечно, в истории программы Ariane случались отказы и сбои, но без них, как известно, ни одно серьезное дело не обходится.
Ариадна выводит из тупика
Название программы восходит к древнегреческой мифологии: Ariane, она же Ариадна, дочь критского царя Миноса и внучка бога Солнца Гелиоса, влюбилась в афинского героя Тесея, отправившегося в подземный лабиринт, чтобы убить обитавшее там чудовище - человекобыка Минотавра. Ариадна вручила герою клубок нити, разматывая который, он смог выбраться из лабиринта после того, как победил Минотавра.
Руководители Европейского космического агентства, выбирая имя для своей новой ракеты-носителя, видимо, решили, что Ариадна поможет им выбраться из того лабиринта, в котором они оказались и который грозил обернуться тупиком: все старты предшественниц Ariane - ракет Europa-1 и Europa-2 - завершились неудачно.
Но первый же старт новой европейской ракеты семейства Ariane, состоявшийся в канун Рождества 1979 года, прошел успешно. Ракета легкого класса Ariane-1 совершила в общей сложности одиннадцать стартов, и девять из них увенчались успехом. С переходом на ракеты среднего класса успехи шли по нарастающей: из шести стартов Ariane-2 удачными оказались пять, из одиннадцати стартов Ariane-3 - удачных 10, из 116 стартов Ariane-4 - удачных 113.
На мировом рынке космических услуг столь высокая надежность ракеты была оценена по достоинству: уже вскоре более половины всех коммерческих заказов на вывод космических аппаратов на околоземную орбиту выполняли европейцы.
Большой успех европейской разработки
Правда, премьера ракеты тяжелого класса Ariane-5 4 июня 1996 года оказалась крайне неудачной: из-за ошибки в работе бортового программного обеспечения ракета на 37-й секунде полета отклонилась от курса и самоликвидировалась. Но уже вторая попытка спустя год с небольшим увенчалась успехом. С тех пор провалом завершился лишь еще один запуск Ariane-5 - всего же их было 56. Все запуски осуществляются с космодрома Куру во Французской Гайане, главная специальность ракеты Ariane-5 - вывод коммерческих телекоммуникационных спутников на геостационарную орбиту.
Все вроде бы замечательно. Но время, как известно, не стоит на месте. Вальтер Дёллингер (Walter D
Не всё так гладко у Ariane. В недавнем интервью, Frank McKenna president of ILS http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/ils-news/ils-bullish-over-future-prospects-satellite-finance-interview сказал, что Ariane давно сидит на дотациях. 120 млн. у.е. в год? The EGAS funding for Ariane was put in place in 2003 to help "Ariane get back on its feet" as a short term recovery effort from a launch failure. ILS waited for this five-year funding period to end, along with the extension of 175m granted in 2007. In total, Ariane has received ?1bn from the EGAS programme and now they are asking for more (at least 120m per year) and continue to operate their commercial business at a loss
17 марта ЕКА приняло решение субсидировать Arianespace в размере $318 млн. в течении двух лет, с дальнейшей пролонгацией.
McKenna протестует - "these additional cost subsidies, totaling approximately 250 million euros over two years to fund Ariane's operations, will continue to create a distortion of the market."
Jean-Yves Le Gall возражает - "There is a huge effort made by the Russian government to support the launch sector.All of the companies up here receive subsidies."
http://www.spacenews.com/civil/ils-threatens-protest-arianespace-subsidy.html
Лучшая тяжёлая РН - Протон! :P
+5
ILS начинает громче жаловатся : http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-protests-unfair-subsidies-arianespace
Интернет-перевод: С этой целью, ILS намерена подать жалобу государственной помощи с Европейской комиссией в соответствии со статьями 107 и 108 Договора о функционировании Европейского Союза (TFUE) и оценки имеющихся средствах правовой защиты в рамках Всемирной торговой организации (ВТО).
Ariane 5 booster roars into life 25 May 2012
ЦитироватьAn Ariane 5 solid-propellant booster was test-fired yesterday at Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana to help improve the reliability of Europe's heavy launcher.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/25099.jpg) (http://www.esa.int/images/Arta5.jpg)
The firing was performed in the booster engine stand, specifically designed for the vertical testing of motors at the site.
The motor burned for about 135 seconds, simulating the firing time during an Ariane 5 flight, and delivered a mean thrust of 700 t.
One of the goals was to prove new, thinner thermal protection on the inside of the motor's casing. The reduced pressure oscillations will lower the stress on the vehicle and its valuable passengers.
The nozzle tested a new composite material that is more resistant to combustion, and the motor also used an improved igniter.
The detailed analysis will last about six months, but preliminary results on the motor's behaviour will be available within ten days.
This firing is part of the Ariane 5 Research and Technology Accompaniment (ARTA) programme, designed to validate modifications for the next production batch of boosters to be flown.
These changes improve the vehicle's performance, modify elements that are now obsolete and reduce manufacturing costs. The programme also confirms that Ariane 5 remains reliable and ensures Europe's independent access to space.
This was the fifth test of Ariane 5's booster as part of ARTA – the next is expected in about three years.
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUVLZWD2H_index_0.html
Видео http://multimedia.esa.int/Videos/2012/05/Ariane-5-booster-roars-into-life
http://imageshost.ru/photo/765879/id2076120.html
Стол. Без ССБ и РКН.
ESA studies future of Europe's launch services 25 July 2012
ЦитироватьToday, Europe enjoys autonomous access to space, while holding a leading position in the world launch services market. ESA has begun work on a new strategy to ensure that both can be maintained sustainably in future.
ESA has begun investigating the feasibility of a new approach for European access to space, aimed at making Europe's launch services fully self-sufficient over the long haul.
The idea behind this New European Launch Service – NELS – is to deliver competitive launch services to both governmental and private European customers while keeping pace with the rapidly changing worldwide launch market.
Today, Europe is guaranteed access to space and offers services to customers worldwide through a versatile family of launchers: Ariane 5, Vega and Soyuz from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.
While this approach has been successful so far, the risk is that it becomes less sustainable economically later down the line.
The projected likelihood is that – despite continuing work to reduce the cost of launch services – the trend towards larger geostationary satellites coupled with increasingly fierce international competition will mean public money will be required on a continuous basis to fund the costs of maintaining assets in operational conditions in order to preserve autonomous European space access with the current family of launchers.
So, the preferred option is to ensure the continuation of industrial activities in production and to start developments that will prepare for the next generation of launch vehicles.
ESA recently issued an Invitation to Tender for an industrial feasibility study for NELS. This 12-month study will define the future European launch service sector, responding to market needs not only in terms of missions, performance and payload accommodation but also availability, reliability, cost and the time these new launch services will take to reach the market.
In turn, to ensure the NELS blueprint is truly responsive to the needs of European space users, a detailed list of requirements was drawn up by ESA in close consultation with European governments and telecommunications satellite operators – the main private customers for launch services.
Two industrial teams were awarded study contracts through a competitive procurement process.
The first team, led by MT Aerospace in Germany includes OHB Systems AG (DE), Roland-Berger Strategy Consultants (DE), Astos Solutions GmbH (DE), Snecma SA (FR) and Herakles SA (FR).
The other team, led by Astrium ST in France, includes Avio SpA (IT), Sabca (BE), Sonaca (BE), ETCA (BE), Air Liquide (FR), AlixPartners (US), Snecma (FR), Herakles (FR), Zodiac Data Systems (FR), Astrium GmbH (DE), MT-Aerospace (DE), Premium AEROTEC (DE), Stork Aerospace (NL), CASA Espacio (ES), RUAG (CH and SE), Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (GB) and Paradigm Secure Communications (GB).
The parallel studies began at the start of July. Their preliminary outcomes will be ready by the end of September, to provide useful inputs to ESA Member States as they prepare to make decisions on future launcher development activities at November's ESA Council at Ministerial level.
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM5BSPXV4H_index_0.html
ЦитироватьAll of the companies up here receive subsidies."
http://www.spacenews.com/civil/ils-threatens-protest-arianespace-subsidy.html
силонч нервно курит в сторонке :roll:
http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35855arianespace-expects-to-order-18-ariane-5-rockets-this-year#.UcFJEtiBXTo
ЦитироватьArianespace Expects To Order 18 Ariane 5 Rockets this Year
By Peter B. de Selding | Jun. 18, 2013
(http://www.spacenews.com/sites/spacenews.com/files/styles/large/public/images/articles/SteveIsrael_4X3France.jpg)
Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said Arianespace probably will report slightly lower revenue for the year compared to 2013. Credit: French government photo
LE BOURGET, France — Europe's Arianespace commercial launch consortium expects to purchase 18 new Ariane 5 heavy-lift rockets and five Vega small-satellite launch vehicles this year, Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said June 18.
...
Israel said Arianespace, which has signed eight launch contracts for geostationary-orbiting telecommunications satellites this year, probably will report slightly lower revenue for the year compared to 2012.
The company reported 2012 revenue of 1.33 billion euros ($1.73 billion), with a profit of 1.7 million euros after a contribution of 70 million euros from the 20-nation European Space Agency (ESA). ESA makes annual contributions to Arianespace to offset fixed costs and enable the company to balance its books.
For 2013, revenue is likely to be 1.2 billion euros, with a similarly small profit and an ESA contribution that will not need to exceed around 6 percent of revenue, Israel said. The lower revenue is partly the result of what is likely to be one fewer Ariane 5 launch campaign in 2013 compared to 2012.
Arianespace has asked the French space agency, CNES, and ESA to finance a modification to the current Ariane 5 ECA rocket, the Ariane 5 version used to carry two telecommunications satellites at a time into geostationary transfer orbit.
The investment would be in an expansion cylinder to be placed under the current Ariane 5 fairing to provide additional room for satellites that take up more volume under the fairing but do not necessarily weigh more.
Satellite manufacturers Space Systems/Loral and Lockheed Martin Space Systems, for example, both have demonstrated an ability to reduce the weight of their standard telecommunications satellite platforms, the LS 1300 and the A2100, respectively, to meet customer requirements.
Arianespace typically places smaller satellites in the lower position under the fairing. The larger, upper-position satellite's weight is supported by a Sylda structure that houses the smaller satellite.
Jacques Breton, senior vice president at Arianespace, said the adaptation sought would place the expansion cylinder under the fairing to, in effect, increase its length without touching the fairing's structure and separation systems.
Breton said this expansion cylinder would come in two versions: one 1 meter in height; the other 2 meters, depending on the size of the payloads.
Breton conceded that the structure would add about 100 kilograms to the weight of the Ariane 5's upper stage, but said Arianespace and Ariane 5 prime contractor Astrium Space Transportation have already demonstrated an ability to find weight savings in the vehicle. At any rate, he said, the expansion cylinder would be used only for those launches whose satellite payloads required the extra space.
ESA officials say they will propose that the new expansion cylinder be developed, with Ruag Space of Switzerland doing much of the work, in time to deploy it in 2015. Officials said the proposed development program would be valued at around 30 million euros.
Beyond this adaptation, Israel said Arianespace will be pushing Europe's Guiana Space Center spaceport in South America to introduce efficiencies to permit Arianespace to reduce the amount of time between launches from three weeks to two.
Especially when moving from a heavy-lift Ariane 5 launch to a medium-lift Soyuz, three weeks now are needed to prepare the tracking radars and other facilities for the new launch.
ЦитироватьСтарый пишет:
Лучшая тяжёлая РН - Протон! :P
В связи с полемикой про Ариан5 , возникшей в теме про Протон с ДМ-03, размещаю отчет об аварии 501.
Paris, 19 July 1996
ARIANE 5
Flight 501 Failure
Report by the Inquiry Board
The Chairman of the Board :
Prof. J. L. LIONS
Спойлер
FOREWORD
On 4 June 1996, the maiden flight of the Ariane 5 launcher ended in a failure. Only about 40 seconds after initiation of the flight sequence, at an altitude of about 3700 m, the launcher veered off its flight path, broke up and exploded. Engineers fr om the Ariane 5 project teams of CNES and Industry immediately started to investigate the failure. Over the following days, the Director General of ESA and the Chairman of CNES set up an independent Inquiry Board and nominated the following members :
- Prof. Jacques-Louis Lions (Chairman) Academie des Sciences (France)
- Dr. Lennart Lbeck (Vice-Chairman) Swedish Space Corporation (Sweden)
- Mr. Jean-Luc Fauquembergue Delegation Generale pour l'Armement (France)
- Mr. Gilles Kahn Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), (France)
- Prof. Dr. Ing. Wolfgang Kubbat Technical University of Darmstadt (Germany)
- Dr. Ing. Stefan Levedag Daimler Benz Aerospace (Germany)
- Dr. Ing. Leonardo Mazzini Alenia Spazio (Italy)
- Mr. Didier Merle Thomson CSF (France)
- Dr. Colin O'Halloran Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA), (U.K.)
The terms of reference assigned to the Board requested it
- to determine the causes of the launch failure,
- to investigate whether the qualification tests and acceptance tests were appropriate in relation to the problem encountered,
- to recommend corrective action to remove the causes of the anomaly and other possible weaknesses of the systems found to be at fault.
The Board started its work on 13 June 1996. It was assisted by a Technical Advisory Committee composed of :
- Dr Mauro Balduccini (BPD)
- Mr Yvan Choquer (Matra Marconi Space)
- Mr Remy Hergott (CNES)
- Mr Bernard Humbert (Aerospatiale)
- Mr Eric Lefort (ESA)
In accordance with its terms of reference, the Board concentrated its investigations on the causes of the failure, the systems supposed to be responsible, any failures of similar nature in similar systems, and events that could be linked to the accident. Consequently, the recommendations made by the Board are limited to the areas examined. The report contains the analysis of the failure, the Board's conclusions and its recommendations for corrective measures, most of which should be undertaken before the next flight of Ariane 5. There is in addition a report for restricted circulation in which the Board's findings are documented in greater technical detail. Although it consulted the telemetry data recorded during the flight, the Board has not undertaken an evaluation of those data. Nor has it made a complete review of the whole launcher and all its systems.
This report is the result of a collective effort by the Commission, assisted by the members of the Technical Advisory Committee.
We have all worked hard to present a very precise explanation of the reasons for the failure and to make a contribution towards the improvement of Ariane 5 software. This improvement is necessary to ensure the success of the programme.
The Board's findings are based on thorough and open presentations fr om the Ariane 5 project teams, and on documentation which has demonstrated the high quality of the Ariane 5 programme as regards engineering work in general and completeness and traceability of documents.
Chairman of the Board
1. THE FAILURE
1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
On the basis of the documentation made available and the information presented to the Board, the following has been observed:
The weather at the launch site at Kourou on the morning of 4 June 1996 was acceptable for a launch that day, and presented no obstacle to the transfer of the launcher to the launch pad. In particular, there was no risk of lightning since the strength of the electric field measured at the launch site was negligible. The only uncertainty concerned fulfilment of the visibility criteria.
The countdown, which also comprises the filling of the core stage, went smoothly until H0-7 minutes when the launch was put on hold since the visibility criteria were not met at the opening of the launch window (08h35 local time). Visibility conditions improved as forecast and the launch was initiated at H0 = 09h 33mn 59s local time (=12h 33mn 59s UT). Ignition of the Vulcain engine and the two solid boosters was nominal, as was lift-off. The vehicle performed a nominal flight until approximately H0 + 37 seconds. Shortly after that time, it suddenly veered off its flight path, broke up, and exploded. A preliminary investigation of flight data showed:
nominal behaviour of the launcher up to H0 + 36 seconds;
failure of the back-up Inertial Reference System followed immediately by failure of the active Inertial Reference System;
swivelling into the extreme position of the nozzles of the two solid boosters and, slightly later, of the Vulcain engine, causing the launcher to veer abruptly;
self-destruction of the launcher correctly triggered by rupture of the links between the solid boosters and the core stage.
The origin of the failure was thus rapidly narrowed down to the flight control system and more particularly to the Inertial Reference Systems, which obviously ceased to function almost simultaneously at around H0 + 36.7 seconds.
1.2 INFORMATION AVAILABLE
The information available on the launch includes:
- telemetry data received on the ground until H0 + 42 seconds
- trajectory data fr om radar stations
- optical observations (IR camera, films) - inspection of recovered material.
The whole of the telemetry data received in Kourou was transferred to CNES/Toulouse where the data were converted into parameter over time plots. CNES provided a copy of the data to Aerospatiale, which carried out analyses concentrating mainly on the data concerning the electrical system.
1.3 RECOVERY OF MATERIAL
The self-destruction of the launcher occurred near to the launch pad, at an altitude of approximately 4000 m. Therefore, all the launcher debris fell back onto the ground, scattered over an area of approximately 12 km2 east of the launch pad. Recovery of material proved difficult, however, since this area is nearly all mangrove swamp or savanna.
Nevertheless, it was possible to retrieve fr om the debris the two Inertial Reference Systems. Of particular interest was the one which had worked in active mode and stopped functioning last, and for which, therefore, certain information was not available in the telemetry data (provision for transmission to ground of this information was confined to whichever of the two units might fail first). The results of the examination of this unit were very helpful to the analysis of the failure sequence.
1.4 UNRELATED ANOMALIES OBSERVED
Post-flight analysis of telemetry has shown a number of anomalies which have been reported to the Board. They are mostly of minor significance and such as to be expected on a demonstration flight.
One anomaly which was brought to the particular attention of the Board was the gradual development, starting at Ho + 22 seconds, of variations in the hydraulic pressure of the actuators of the main engine nozzle. These variations had a frequency of approximately 10 Hz.
There are some preliminary explanations as to the cause of these variations, which are now under investigation.
After consideration, the Board has formed the opinion that this anomaly, while significant, has no bearing on the failure of Ariane 501.
2. ANALYSIS OF THE FAILURE
2.1 CHAIN OF TECHNICAL EVENTS
In general terms, the Flight Control System of the Ariane 5 is of a standard design. The attitude of the launcher and its movements in space are measured by an Inertial Reference System (SRI). It has its own internal computer, in which angles and velocities are calculated on the basis of information fr om a "strap-down" inertial platform, with laser gyros and accelerometers. The data fr om the SRI are transmitted through the databus to the On-Board Computer (OBC), which executes the flight program and controls the nozzles of the solid boosters and the Vulcain cryogenic engine, via servovalves and hydraulic actuators.
In order to improve reliability there is considerable redundancy at equipment level. There are two SRIs operating in parallel, with identical hardware and software. One SRI is active and one is in "hot" stand-by, and if the OBC detects that the active SRI has failed it immediately switches to the other one, provided that this unit is functioning properly. Likewise there are two OBCs, and a number of other units in the Flight Control System are also duplicated.
The design of the Ariane 5 SRI is practically the same as that of an SRI which is presently used on Ariane 4, particularly as regards the software.
Based on the extensive documentation and data on the Ariane 501 failure made available to the Board, the following chain of events, their inter-relations and causes have been established, starting with the destruction of the launcher and tracing back in time towards the primary cause.
The launcher started to disintegrate at about H0 + 39 seconds because of high aerodynamic loads due to an angle of attack of more than 20 degrees that led to separation of the boosters fr om the main stage, in turn triggering the self-destruct system of the launcher.
This angle of attack was caused by full nozzle deflections of the solid boosters and the Vulcain main engine.
These nozzle deflections were commanded by the On-Board Computer (OBC) software on the basis of data transmitted by the active Inertial Reference System (SRI 2). Part of these data at that time did not contain proper flight data, but showed a diagnostic bit pattern of the computer of the SRI 2, which was interpreted as flight data.
The reason why the active SRI 2 did not send correct attitude data was that the unit had declared a failure due to a software exception.
The OBC could not switch to the back-up SRI 1 because that unit had already ceased to function during the previous data cycle (72 milliseconds period) for the same reason as SRI 2.
The internal SRI software exception was caused during execution of a data conversion fr om 64-bit floating point to 16-bit signed integer value. The floating point number which was converted had a value greater than what could be represented by a 16-bit signed integer. This resulted in an Operand Error. The data conversion instructions (in Ada code) were not protected fr om causing an Operand Error, although other conversions of comparable variables in the same place in the code were protected.
The error occurred in a part of the software that only performs alignment of the strap-down inertial platform. This software module computes meaningful results only before lift-off. As soon as the launcher lifts off, this function serves no purpose.
The alignment function is operative for 50 seconds after starting of the Flight Mode of the SRIs which occurs at H0 - 3 seconds for Ariane 5. Consequently, when lift-off occurs, the function continues for approx. 40 seconds of flight. This time sequence is based on a requirement of Ariane 4 and is not required for Ariane 5.
The Operand Error occurred due to an unexpected high value of an internal alignment function result called BH, Horizontal Bias, related to the horizontal velocity sensed by the platform. This value is calculated as an indicator for alignment precision over time.
The value of BH was much higher than expected because the early part of the trajectory of Ariane 5 differs fr om that of Ariane 4 and results in considerably higher horizontal velocity values.
The SRI internal events that led to the failure have been reproduced by simulation calculations. Furthermore, both SRIs were recovered during the Board's investigation and the failure context was precisely determined fr om memory readouts. In addition, the Board has examined the software code which was shown to be consistent with the failure scenario. The results of these examinations are documented in the Technical Report.
Therefore, it is established beyond reasonable doubt that the chain of events set out above reflects the technical causes of the failure of Ariane 501.
2.2 COMMENTS ON THE FAILURE SCENARIO
In the failure scenario, the primary technical causes are the Operand Error when converting the horizontal bias variable BH, and the lack of protection of this conversion which caused the SRI computer to stop.
It has been stated to the Board that not all the conversions were protected because a maximum workload target of 80% had been set for the SRI computer. To determine the vulnerability of unprotected code, an analysis was performed on every operation which could give rise to an exception, including an Operand Error. In particular, the conversion of floating point values to integers was analysed and operations involving seven variables were at risk of leading to an Operand Error. This led to protection being added to four of the variables, evidence of which appears in the Ada code. However, three of the variables were left unprotected. No reference to justification of this decision was found directly in the source code. Given the large amount of documentation associated with any industrial application, the assumption, although agreed, was essentially obscured, though not deliberately, fr om any external review.
The reason for the three remaining variables, including the one denoting horizontal bias, being unprotected was that further reasoning indicated that they were either physically lim ited or that there was a large margin of safety, a reasoning which in the case of the variable BH turned out to be faulty. It is important to note that the decision to protect certain variables but not others was taken jointly by project partners at several contractual levels.
There is no evidence that any trajectory data were used to analyse the behaviour of the unprotected variables, and it is even more important to note that it was jointly agreed not to include the Ariane 5 trajectory data in the SRI requirements and specification.
Although the source of the Operand Error has been identified, this in itself did not cause the mission to fail. The specification of the exception-handling mechanism also contributed to the failure. In the event of any kind of exception, the system specification stated that: the failure should be indicated on the databus, the failure context should be stored in an EEPROM memory (which was recovered and read out for Ariane 501), and finally, the SRI processor should be shut down.
It was the decision to cease the processor operation which finally proved fatal. Restart is not feasible since attitude is too difficult to re-calculate after a processor shutdown; therefore the Inertial Reference System becomes useless. The reason behind this drastic action lies in the culture within the Ariane programme of only addressing random hardware failures. From this point of view exception - or error - handling mechanisms are designed for a random hardware failure which can quite rationally be handled by a backup system.
Although the failure was due to a systematic software design error, mechanisms can be introduced to mitigate this type of problem. For example the computers within the SRIs could have continued to provide their best estimates of the required attitude information. There is reason for concern that a software exception should be allowed, or even required, to cause a processor to halt while handling mission-critical equipment. Indeed, the loss of a proper software function is hazardous because the same software runs in both SRI units. In the case of Ariane 501, this resulted in the switch-off of two still healthy critical units of equipment.
The original requirement acccounting for the continued operation of the alignment software after lift-off was brought forward more than 10 years ago for the earlier models of Ariane, in order to cope with the rather unlikely event of a hold in the count-down e.g. between - 9 seconds, when flight mode starts in the SRI of Ariane 4, and - 5 seconds when certain events are initiated in the launcher which take several hours to reset. The period sel ected for this continued alignment operation, 50 seconds after the start of flight mode, was based on the time needed for the ground equipment to resume full control of the launcher in the event of a hold.
This special feature made it possible with the earlier versions of Ariane, to restart the count- down without waiting for normal alignment, which takes 45 minutes or more, so that a short launch window could still be used. In fact, this feature was used once, in 1989 on Flight 33.
The same requirement does not apply to Ariane 5, which has a different preparation sequence and it was maintained for commonality reasons, presumably based on the view that, unless proven necessary, it was not wise to make changes in software which worked well on Ariane 4.
Even in those cases wh ere the requirement is found to be still valid, it is questionable for the alignment function to be operating after the launcher has lifted off. Alignment of mechanical and laser strap-down platforms involves complex mathematical filter functions to properly align the x-axis to the gravity axis and to find north direction from Earth rotation sensing. The assumption of preflight alignment is that the launcher is positioned at a known and fixed position. Therefore, the alignment function is totally disrupted when performed during flight, because the measured movements of the launcher are interpreted as sensor offsets and other coefficients characterising sensor behaviour.
Returning to the software error, the Board wishes to point out that software is an expression of a highly detailed design and does not fail in the same sense as a mechanical system. Furthermore software is flexible and expressive and thus encourages highly demanding requirements, which in turn lead to complex implementations which are difficult to assess.
An underlying theme in the development of Ariane 5 is the bias towards the mitigation of random failure. The supplier of the SRI was only following the specification given to it, which stipulated that in the event of any detected exception the processor was to be stopped. The exception which occurred was not due to random failure but a design error. The exception was detected, but inappropriately handled because the view had been taken that software should be considered correct until it is shown to be at fault. The Board has reason to believe that this view is also accepted in other areas of Ariane 5 software design. The Board is in favour of the opposite view, that software should be assumed to be faulty until applying the currently accepted best practice methods can demonstrate that it is correct.
This means that critical software - in the sense that failure of the software puts the mission at risk - must be identified at a very detailed level, that exceptional behaviour must be confined, and that a reasonable back-up policy must take software failures into account.
2.3 THE TESTING AND QUALIFICATION PROCEDURES
The Flight Control System qualification for Ariane 5 follows a standard procedure and is performed at the following levels :
- Equipment qualification
- Software qualification (On-Board Computer software)
- Stage integration
- System validation tests.
The logic applied is to check at each level what could not be achieved at the previous level, thus eventually providing complete test coverage of each sub-system and of the integrated system.
Testing at equipment level was in the case of the SRI conducted rigorously with regard to all environmental factors and in fact beyond what was expected for Ariane 5. However, no test was performed to verify that the SRI would behave correctly when being subjected to the count-down and flight time sequence and the trajectory of Ariane 5.
It should be noted that for reasons of physical law, it is not feasible to test the SRI as a "black box" in the flight environment, unless one makes a completely realistic flight test, but it is possible to do ground testing by injecting simulated accelerometric signals in accordance with predicted flight parameters, while also using a turntable to simulate launcher angular movements. Had such a test been performed by the supplier or as part of the acceptance test, the failure mechanism would have been exposed.
The main explanation for the absence of this test has already been mentioned above, i.e. the SRI specification (which is supposed to be a requirements document for the SRI) does not contain the Ariane 5 trajectory data as a functional requirement.
The Board has also noted that the systems specification of the SRI does not indicate operational restrictions that emerge from the chosen implementation. Such a declaration of lim itation, which should be mandatory for every mission-critical device, would have served to identify any non-compliance with the trajectory of Ariane 5.
The other principal opportunity to detect the failure mechanism beforehand was during the numerous tests and simulations carried out at the Functional Simulation Facility ISF, which is at the site of the Industrial Architect. The scope of the ISF testing is to qualify :
- the guidance, navigation and control performance in the whole flight envelope,
- the sensors redundancy operation, - the dedicated functions of the stages,
- the flight software (On-Board Computer) compliance with all equipment of the Flight Control Electrical System.
A large number of closed-loop simulations of the complete flight simulating ground segment operation, telemetry flow and launcher dynamics were run in order to verify :
- the nominal trajectory
- trajectories degraded with respect to internal launcher parameters
- trajectories degraded with respect to atmospheric parameters
- equipment failures and the subsequent failure isolation and recovery
In these tests many equipment items were physically present and exercised but not the two SRIs, which were simulated by specifically developed software modules. Some open-loop tests, to verify compliance of the On-Board Computer and the SRI, were performed with the actual SRI. It is understood that these were just electrical integration tests and "low-level " (bus communication) compliance tests.
It is not mandatory, even if preferable, that all the parts of the subsystem are present in all the tests at a given level. Sometimes this is not physically possible or it is not possible to exercise them completely or in a representative way. In these cases it is logical to replace them with simulators but only after a careful check that the previous test levels have covered the scope completely.
This procedure is especially important for the final system test before the system is operationally used (the tests performed on the 501 launcher itself are not addressed here since they are not specific to the Flight Control Electrical System qualification).
In order to understand the explanations given for the decision not to have the SRIs in the closed-loop simulation, it is necessary to describe the test configurations that might have been used.
Because it is not possible to simulate the large linear accelerations of the launcher in all three axes on a test bench (as discussed above), there are two ways to put the SRI in the loop:
A) To put it on a three-axis dynamic table (to stimulate the Ring Laser Gyros) and to substitute the analog output of the accelerometers (which can not be stimulated mechanically) by simulation via a dedicated test input connector and an electronic board designed for this purpose. This is similar to the method mentioned in connection with possible testing at equipment level.
B) To substitute both, the analog output of the accelerometers and the Ring Laser Gyros via a dedicated test input connector with signals produced by simulation.
The first approach is likely to provide an accurate simulation (within the lim its of the three-axis dynamic table bandwidth) and is quite expensive; the second is cheaper and its performance depends essentially on the accuracy of the simulation. In both cases a large part of the electronics and the complete software are tested in the real operating environment.
When the project test philosophy was defined, the importance of having the SRIs in the loop was recognized and a decision was taken to sel ect method B above. At a later stage of the programme (in 1992), this decision was changed. It was decided not to have the actual SRIs in the loop for the following reasons :
The SRIs should be considered to be fully qualified at equipment level
The precision of the navigation software in the On-Board Computer depends critically on the precision of the SRI measurements. In the ISF, this precision could not be achieved by the electronics creating the test signals.
The simulation of failure modes is not possible with real equipment, but only with a model.
The base period of the SRI is 1 millisecond whilst that of the simulation at the ISF is 6 milliseconds. This adds to the complexity of the interfacing electronics and may further reduce the precision of the simulation.
The opinion of the Board is that these arguments were technically valid, but since the purpose of a system simulation test is not only to verify the interfaces but also to verify the system as a whole for the particular application, there was a definite risk in assuming that critical equipment such as the SRI had been validated by qualification on its own, or by previous use on Ariane 4.
While high accuracy of a simulation is desirable, in the ISF system tests it is clearly better to compromise on accuracy but achieve all other objectives, amongst them to prove the proper system integration of equipment such as the SRI. The precision of the guidance system can be effectively demonstrated by analysis and computer simulation.
Under this heading it should be noted finally that the overriding means of preventing failures are the reviews which are an integral part of the design and qualification process, and which are carried out at all levels and involve all major partners in the project (as well as external experts). In a programme of this size, literally thousands of problems and potential failures are successfully handled in the review process and it is obviously not easy to detect software design errors of the type which were the primary technical cause of the 501 failure. Nevertheless, it is evident that the lim itations of the SRI software were not fully analysed in the reviews, and it was not realised that the test coverage was inadequate to expose such lim itations. Nor were the possible implications of allowing the alignment software to operate during flight realised. In these respects, the review process was a contributory factor in the failure.
2.4 POSSIBLE OTHER WEAKNESSES OF SYSTEMS INVOLVED
In accordance with its termes of reference, the Board has examined possible other weaknesses, primarily in the Flight Control System. No weaknesses were found which were related to the failure, but in spite of the short time available, the Board has conducted an extensive review of the Flight Control System based on experience gained during the failure analysis.
The review has covered the following areas :
- The design of the electrical system,
- Embedded on-board software in subsystems other than the Inertial Reference System,
- The On-Board Computer and the flight program software.
In addition, the Board has made an analysis of methods applied in the development programme, in particular as regards software development methodology.
The results of these efforts have been documented in the Technical Report and it is the hope of the Board that they will contribute to further improvement of the Ariane 5 Flight Control System and its software.
3. CONCLUSIONS
3.1 FINDINGS
The Board reached the following findings:
a) During the launch preparation campaign and the count-down no events occurred which were related to the failure.
b) The meteorological conditions at the time of the launch were acceptable and did not play any part in the failure. No other external factors have been found to be of relevance.
c) Engine ignition and lift-off were essentially nominal and the environmental effects (noise and vibration) on the launcher and the payload were not found to be relevant to the failure. Propulsion performance was within specification.
d) 22 seconds after H0 (command for main cryogenic engine ignition), variations of 10 Hz frequency started to appear in the hydraulic pressure of the actuators which control the nozzle of the main engine. This phenomenon is significant and has not yet been fully explained, but after consideration it has not been found relevant to the failure.
e) At 36.7 seconds after H0 (approx. 30 seconds after lift-off) the computer within the back-up inertial reference system, which was working on stand-by for guidance and attitude control, became inoperative. This was caused by an internal variable related to the horizontal velocity of the launcher exceeding a lim it which existed in the software of this computer.
f) Approx. 0.05 seconds later the active inertial reference system, identical to the back-up system in hardware and software, failed for the same reason. Since the back-up inertial system was already inoperative, correct guidance and attitude information could no longer be obtained and loss of the mission was inevitable.
g) As a result of its failure, the active inertial reference system transmitted essentially diagnostic information to the launcher's main computer, wh ere it was interpreted as flight data and used for flight control calculations.
h) On the basis of those calculations the main computer commanded the booster nozzles, and somewhat later the main engine nozzle also, to make a large correction for an attitude deviation that had not occurred.
i) A rapid change of attitude occurred which caused the launcher to disintegrate at 39 seconds after H0 due to aerodynamic forces.
j) Destruction was automatically initiated upon disintegration, as designed, at an altitude of 4 km and a distance of 1 km from the launch pad.
k) The debris was spread over an area of 5 x 2.5 km2. Amongst the equipment recovered were the two inertial reference systems. They have been used for analysis.
l) The post-flight analysis of telemetry data has listed a number of additional anomalies which are being investigated but are not considered significant to the failure.
m) The inertial reference system of Ariane 5 is essentially common to a system which is presently flying on Ariane 4. The part of the software which caused the interruption in the inertial system computers is used before launch to align the inertial reference system and, in Ariane 4, also to enable a rapid realignment of the system in case of a late hold in the countdown. This realignment function, which does not serve any purpose on Ariane 5, was nevertheless retained for commonality reasons and allowed, as in Ariane 4, to operate for approx. 40 seconds after lift-off.
n) During design of the software of the inertial reference system used for Ariane 4 and Ariane 5, a decision was taken that it was not necessary to protect the inertial system computer fr om being made inoperative by an excessive value of the variable related to the horizontal velocity, a protection which was provided for several other variables of the alignment software. When taking this design decision, it was not analysed or fully understood which values this particular variable might assume when the alignment software was allowed to operate after lift-off.
o) In Ariane 4 flights using the same type of inertial reference system there has been no such failure because the trajectory during the first 40 seconds of flight is such that the particular variable related to horizontal velocity cannot reach, with an adequate operational margin, a value beyond the lim it present in the software.
p) Ariane 5 has a high initial acceleration and a trajectory which leads to a build-up of horizontal velocity which is five times more rapid than for Ariane 4. The higher horizontal velocity of Ariane 5 generated, within the 40-second timeframe, the excessive value which caused the inertial system computers to cease operation.
q) The purpose of the review process, which involves all major partners in the Ariane 5 programme, is to validate design decisions and to obtain flight qualification. In this process, the lim itations of the alignment software were not fully analysed and the possible implications of allowing it to continue to function during flight were not realised.
r) The specification of the inertial reference system and the tests performed at equipment level did not specifically include the Ariane 5 trajectory data. Consequently the realignment function was not tested under simulated Ariane 5 flight conditions, and the design error was not discovered.
s) It would have been technically feasible to include almost the entire inertial reference system in the overall system simulations which were performed. For a number of reasons it was decided to use the simulated output of the inertial reference system, not the system itself or its detailed simulation. Had the system been included, the failure could have been detected.
t) Post-flight simulations have been carried out on a computer with software of the inertial reference system and with a simulated environment, including the actual trajectory data fr om the Ariane 501 flight. These simulations have faithfully reproduced the chain of events leading to the failure of the inertial reference systems.
3.2 CAUSE OF THE FAILURE
The failure of the Ariane 501 was caused by the complete loss of guidance and attitude information 37 seconds after start of the main engine ignition sequence (30 seconds after lift- off). This loss of information was due to specification and design errors in the software of the inertial reference system.
The extensive reviews and tests carried out during the Ariane 5 Development Programme did not include adequate analysis and testing of the inertial reference system or of the complete flight control system, which could have detected the potential failure.
4. RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of its analyses and conclusions, the Board makes the following recommendations.
R1 Switch off the alignment function of the inertial reference system immediately after lift-off. More generally, no software function should run during flight unless it is needed.
R2 Prepare a test facility including as much real equipment as technically feasible, inject realistic input data, and perform complete, closed-loop, system testing. Complete simulations must take place before any mission. A high test coverage has to be obtained.
R3 Do not allow any sensor, such as the inertial reference system, to stop sending best effort data.
R4 Organize, for each item of equipment incorporating software, a specific software qualification review. The Industrial Architect shall take part in these reviews and report on complete system testing performed with the equipment. All restrictions on use of the equipment shall be made explicit for the Review Board. Make all critical software a Configuration Controlled Item (CCI).
R5 Review all flight software (including embedded software), and in particular :
Identify all implicit assumptions made by the code and its justification documents on the values of quantities provided by the equipment. Check these assumptions against the restrictions on use of the equipment.
Verify the range of values taken by any internal or communication variables in the software.
Solutions to potential problems in the on-board computer software, paying particular attention to on-board computer switch over, shall be proposed by the project team and reviewed by a group of external experts, who shall report to the on-board computer Qualification Board.
R6 Wh erever technically feasible, consider confining exceptions to tasks and devise backup capabilities.
R7 Provide more data to the telemetry upon failure of any component, so that recovering equipment will be less essential.
R8 Reconsider the definition of critical components, taking failures of software origin into account (particularly single point failures).
R9 Include external (to the project) participants when reviewing specifications, code and justification documents. Make sure that these reviews consider the substance of arguments, rather than check that verifications have been made.
R10 Include trajectory data in specifications and test requirements.
R11 Review the test coverage of existing equipment and extend it wh ere it is deemed necessary.
R12 Give the justification documents the same attention as code. Improve the technique for keeping code and its justifications consistent.
R13 Set up a team that will prepare the procedure for qualifying software, propose stringent rules for confirming such qualification, and ascertain that specification, verification and testing of software are of a consistently high quality in the Ariane 5 programme. Including external RAMS experts is to be considered.
R14 A more transparent organisation of the cooperation among the partners in the Ariane 5 programme must be considered. Close engineering cooperation, with clear cut authority and responsibility, is needed to achieve system coherence, with simple and clear interfaces between partners.
- END -
Цитироватьdmdimon пишет:
ЦитироватьGaryN пишет:
Цитироватьdmdimon пишет:
ЦитироватьGaryN пишет: "Невлезание в 16 бит"
...и особенно - его последствия говорят о принципиально порочной ненадежной практике программирования... не?
"принципиально порочный" - сильно сказано
будь конструкция программная или аппаратная - необходимый уровень ее надежости обеспечивается строгим следованием нормам, руководящим документам
в которых не прописан контроль диапазона а) на входе в (программный) модуль и б) при преобразовании типов дабл-инт (в данном случае), а также четкие (и, желательно, адекватные) действия при выходе за диапазон, а также система тестирования софта, которая не проверила выход за диапазоны? однозначно порочная практика.
Был некритичный перенос ПО с Ариан4 на Ариан5. ПО проверялось на Ариан4 поэтому перед установкой на Ариан5 тестировалось слабо.
ну я и написал - ненадежное программирование ;) Есть такое мнение, что для этого типа ошибок тесткейсы должны генерироваться вообще автоматически...
Опять-же по факту выходит, что "новый" вариант софта вообще не проходил симуляцию запуска... Вылетели-то штатные значения...
Евро Cryospace: стратегическое партнерство на европейском уровне.Новый завод в Бремене для производства криогенных топливного бака верхняя ступень Ariane 5. ЦитироватьAstrium und Air Liquide gründen EuroCryospace, eine strategische Partnerschaft der beiden Unternehmen auf europäischer Ebene. EuroCryospace ist eine Erweiterung des Joint Venture Cryospace, das vor fast 25 Jahren für die Entwicklung und Herstellung der Kryo-Tanks der Ariane gegründet wurde. EuroCryospace wird sich auf die Entwicklung und Produktion der Kryo-Tanks, insbesondere des kryogenen Treibstofftanks der Ariane 5 ME-Oberstufe, konzentrieren.
Ariane 5 Midlife Evolution (ME) ist ein Programm der Europäischen Weltraumorganisation ESA, das 2008 vom ESA-Ministerrat bewilligt wurde, um das aktuelle Trägerraketensystem Ariane 5 zu modernisieren und mit einer höheren Nutzlastkapazität als Ariane 5 ECA und Ariane 5 ES auszustatten, damit es den wachsenden Marktanforderungen entspricht. Neue Entwicklungsphasen sollen beim nächsten Treffen des ESA-Ministerrats Ende 2012 eingeleitet werden.
Das Projekt umfasst die Eröffnung eines neuen Werks in Bremen und die Schaffung von rund 40 Arbeitsplätzen in der Produktion. Das Grundstück für den Bau der Entwicklungs- und Produktionsgebäude wurde bereits im Dezember 2011 in der Nähe des Bremer Flughafens erworben. Das Werk dürfte Mitte 2013 betriebsbereit sein; erste Lieferungen werden im Laufe des Jahres 2014 erwartet
http://www.eads.com/eads/germany/de/presse/press.de_20120312_astrium_eurocryospace.html (http://www.eads.com/eads/germany/de/presse/press.de_20120312_astrium_eurocryospace.html)
http://www.mt-aerospace.de/produkte/raumfahrt/tanks.html (http://www.mt-aerospace.de/produkte/raumfahrt/tanks.html)
PERFORMANCE OF HYDROCARBON-FUELLED BOOSTER REPLACEMENTS FOR ARIANE 5
В последнее время в форуме много было дискуссии с использованием метана для носители. Уже несколько лет тому назад были на западе публикации как и многие анализы топлива метан для Ариане-5 (не толко) как и ВРБ для етого носителя. Сегодня одна из многих ссылок.
The different strap-on booster alternatives are summarized graphically in Fig. 8. Results above indicate that the proposed hydrocarbon-fuelled strap-on boosters enable either a remarkable reduction of the lift-off mass (34.3% for the LOX/LCH4 option, 28.1%for LOX/kerosene), for an assigned payload mass, remarkable increase of the payload mass (73.5% for LOX/LCH4 and 54.4% for LOX/kerosene), once the lift-off mass is specified. In order to ensure that mission constraints are satisfied, it may be necessary to consider variable mass flow rate operation. Both expendable and recoverable boosters are considered;for the latter, a 13% payload mass penalty is considered in order to ensure a fair comparison.
Although LCH4 ensures higher performance, consideration of costs suggests that the LOX/kerosene option can indeed result, for expendable strap-on boosters, in a lower cost per unit mass in GTO (11000 dollars per kg, against 12300 of the LOX/LCH4 option, or the assigned gross lift-off mass case), as an effect of the less expensive hardware required. Notice that both figures are well below current Ariane 5G costs. owever, if the possibility of recovering the strap-on boosters is taken into account, the reverse is true, with the LOX/LCH4 option now exhibiting lower costs( 10500 dollars per kg, against 12100 of the LOX/kerosene option).
http://www.aidaa.it/scarp03.pdf (http://www.aidaa.it/scarp03.pdf)
Цитироватьdmdimon пишет:
ну я и написал - ненадежное программирование ;) Есть такое мнение, что для этого типа ошибок тесткейсы должны генерироваться вообще автоматически...
Опять-же по факту выходит, что "новый" вариант софта вообще не проходил симуляцию запуска... Вылетели-то штатные значения...
АФАИК переход с 16-битной библиотеки на 32-битную. :idea:
Интересное видео и много информации про созданию и продукции Ариане-5 носителя.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=84G6y-_DTw4 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=84G6y-_DTw4)
Франция предоставит 25 миллионов евро в реконструкцию ракеты Ариан-5. Речь идёт о увелчения обтекателя на 2 метров для ПН. Над созданием носители работают во Франции и Европе более чем 10 000 сотрудников. 04.09.2013.ЦитироватьFrance's Investment Program for the Future allocates €25 million for Ariane 5 upgrade
Following the first meeting of the joint government-industry committee on space, the French Minister of Higher Education and Research announced that the government was allocating 25 million euros to an upgrade of the Ariane 5 launcher, within the scope of France's Investment Program for the Future (Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir, or PIA).
The upgrade will increase the available volume under the fairing, adding up to 2 meters in payload height for Arianespace's launch customers, without carrying a performance penalty. This upgrade, scheduled for implementation in 2015, is designed to address the current trend in geostationary telecommunications satellites, which are gradually becoming larger as their power and complexity both increase.
Arianespace Chairman and CEO Stéphane Israël gave the following statement following the announcement: "I would like to thank the French government and the Minister of Higher Education and Research, Geneviève Fioraso, for deciding to allocate part of the funds available through the PIA program to finance this upgrade to our Ariane 5 ECA launcher. Through this upgrade, whose cost has been kept to a minimum, Arianespace will be able to keep pace with market requirements and continue to meet our customers' expectations. There is a tremendous amount at stake for the launcher industry, which counts over 10,000 employees in France and in Europe. I would also like to thank ESA and CNES for immediately supporting this program, for which Arianespace recently expressed a need. And I would also like to emphasize the commitment of the European space industry, in particular our prime Astrium and Ruag, the fairing supplier, to deliver this upgrade in 2015, while keeping costs under control. Ariane 5 ECA is already the most reliable launcher on the market, and this upgrade will also increase its competitiveness in the near future."
http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2013/9-4-2013.asp
ЦитироватьMark пишет:
Франция предоставит 25 миллионов евро в реконструкцию ракеты Ариан-5. Речь идёт об увеличении обтекателя на 2 метров для ПН. Над созданием носители работают во Франции и Европе более чем 10 000 сотрудников .
Они его растягивают, что ли?! :o ( :D )
ЦитироватьДмитрий В. пишет:
ЦитироватьMark пишет:
Франция предоставит 25 миллионов евро в реконструкцию ракеты Ариан-5. Речь идёт об увеличении обтекателя на 2 метров для ПН. Над созданием носители работают во Франции и Европе более чем 10 000 сотрудников .
Они его растягивают, что ли?! :o ( )
Да, через длинный обтекатель будет большая объема перевозок тяжелых ПН, в частности для геостационарных спутников :)
ЦитироватьMark пишет:
Да, через длинный обтекатель будет большая объема перевозок тяжелых ПН, в частности для геостационарных спутников
Вы не так поняли вопрос - он имел в виду, они что, всей этой толпой народа вручную (в смысле руками) будут обтекатель растягивать? :)
Цитироватьasmi пишет:
ЦитироватьMark пишет:
Да, через длинный обтекатель будет большая объема перевозок тяжелых ПН, в частности для геостационарных спутников
Вы не так поняли вопрос - он имел в виду, они что, всей этой толпой народа вручную (в смысле руками) будут обтекатель растягивать?
Да, теперь понял. Вопрос был очень просты, ссоры :!: Руками обтекатель растягивать будет тяжело. А если короны експерта Дмитрий В. нам (ЕКА) поможе как 10001 сотрудник, будет може совсем другая справа. Бы получил сразу месячный доход на 5000 Евро :)
http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37093while-satellite-operators-await-a-spacex-debut-arianespace-walks-away
ЦитироватьWhile Satellite Operators Await a SpaceX Debut, Arianespace Walks Away with Recent Awards
Sep. 6, 2013
(http://www.spacenews.com/sites/spacenews.com/files/styles/large/public/images/articles/SteveIsrael_4X3France.jpg) (http://www.spacenews.com/sites/spacenews.com/files/images/articles/SteveIsrael_4X3France.jpg)
Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said after the last Ariane 5 launch that the company has booked around 300 million euros in new orders in recent weeks, bringing this year's total contract volume to 1 billion euros. Credit: French government photo
PARIS — The biggest development in the commercial satellite launch market in the coming months is likely to be the success — or failure — of the new Falcon 9 v1.1 rocket operated by Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX). But Europe's Arianespace launch consortium appears to have quietly walked away with most of the recent contract awards.
Officials from Evry, France-based Arianespace have declined to comment beyond saying they have been successful of late. The company said it would be making several announcements the week of Sept. 9 during the World Satellite Business Week conference organized by Euroconsult.
Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said Aug. 29 after the last Ariane 5 launch that the company has booked around 300 million euros ($400 million) in new orders in recent weeks, bringing this year's total contract volume to 1 billion euros.
Industry officials said the contracts are for government missions in Brazil and Japan, and commercial operators in Brazil, the United States, Mexico and Spain.
Hawthorne, Calif.-based SpaceX has tentatively set the inaugural flight of its new Falcon 9 for mid-September, a launch that will place Canada's Cassiope scientific spacecraft into low Earth orbit.
Despite the low-orbit destination, a successful flight will trigger SpaceX's entry into the commercial launch market for geostationary-orbiting telecommunications satellites, which make up most of SpaceX's commercial backlog of more than $1 billion.
The world's second-largest commercial satellite fleet operator, SES of Luxembourg, has stuck with SpaceX and its low price despite multiple launcher-caused delays for the SES-8 telecommunications spacecraft. SES has agreed to launch SES-8 on Falcon 9's first geostationary-orbit mission, a sign of the confidence that SES's technical team has in the vehicle.
Taking advantage of a large amount of cash available for satellite insurance among the underwriters active in this niche, purchasers of SpaceX commercial launches have been able to secure insurance rates that are relatively low for a vehicle that has never flown to geostationary orbit, industry officials said.
A successful launch of SES-8 would send a strong signal to the commercial market that SpaceX is beginning to deliver on its promise to offer launches for up to 50 percent less than Arianespace and International Launch Services (ILS) of Reston, Va., which markets Russia's Proton rocket.
Arianespace meanwhile has signed, or is about to sign, contracts for as many as six geostationary-orbiting telecommunications satellites for government and commercial customers, industry officials said.
The contracts include an X-band telecommunications satellite for Japan's DSN consortium, whose members include commercial satellite operator Sky Perfect JSat Corp. in addition to NEC and NTT. The consortium is building two military satellites, using a Mitsubishi Electric satellite bus, for the Japanese government as part of a private finance initiative. The DSN consortium pays for the satellites' construction, launch and operations and the government pays an annual user fee. The Arianespace contract concerns the first of these two satellites, DSN-1.
A second contract is with Sky Mexico, owned by satellite-television provider DirecTV Group of Los Angeles, for a satellite being built by Orbital Sciences Corp. of Dulles, Va. Orbital is expected to build a second Sky Mexico satellite as part of the same contract, but industry officials this has been delayed while the orbital frequency rights are negotiated.
Three additional contracts are for orbital slots over Brazil, but for three different customers.
The Brazilian government's Geostationary Defense and Strategic Communications Satellite, or SGDC, being built by Thales Alenia Space of France and Italy, is all but certain to be contracted for launch aboard an Ariane 5 rocket, industry officials said. They added that no contract has yet been signed.
Brazil's domestic commercial satellite fleet operator, Star One, has contracted with Arianespace for the launch of its next satellite, originally named Star One C5, under construction by Space Systems Loral (SSL) of Palo Alto, Calif.
Hispasat of Spain will use Ariane 5 for the launch of the Amazonas 4B spacecraft, under construction by Orbital Sciences. The satellite continues Hispasat's buildup of capacity in Latin America, which recently has been one of the fastest-growing regions in terms of satellite bandwidth demand.
Arianespace is also expected to announce that it will launch the Intelsat IS-34 satellite for Intelsat of Luxembourg and Washington. This spacecraft, under construction by SSL, will replace the IS-27 lost during a failure of a Sea Launch AG rocket early this year, but without the military UHF-band payload on board IS-27.
IS-34 will be a relatively small version of Space Systems/Loral's 1300 satellite frame and is expected to weigh less than 4,000 kilograms at launch.
The trick in building Arianespace's manifest — and one reason the company wants the next-generation Ariane 6 vehicle to launch satellites one at a time — is to find pairings that fill the Ariane 5 capacity in matching smaller and larger spacecraft.
On the heavier side of the equation, Arianespace faces competition from ILS and from Sea Launch of Bern, Switzerland. On the lighter-weight side, the competition recently has been from SpaceX.
http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2013/9-18-2013-Astrium.asp
ЦитироватьArianespace and Astrium sign an agreement to begin production of 18 additional Ariane 5 ECA launchers
Paris, September 18, 2013
Arianespace and Astrium signed an initial agreement on 17 September to begin the production of 18 additional Ariane 5 ECA launchers.
As part of this agreement, Arianespace has ordered from Astrium, long-lead items and the start of production activities for the 18 additional launchers. These items and the first production activities are valued at more than 400 million euros. Astrium and Arianespace plan to sign the full production contract for the additional launchers before the end of 2013.
These additional 18 Ariane 5s should be launched from 2017 onwards, following on from the 35 launchers ordered in 2009 (PB batch).
Present at the signing were Stéphane Israël, Arianespace Chairman and CEO and Alain Charmeau, CEO of Astrium Space Transportation.
This order takes the number of Ariane 5 launchers in production for Arianespace to 38, and guarantees the continued provision of launch services for the European operator's customers at the Guiana Space Centre through to the end of the decade.
Stéphane Israël said: "Ariane 5 is the most reliable launcher in the world. We need to secure the future production for our customers, beyond the 20 launchers currently being built, which is why we are ordering long-lead items for a further batch of 18 launchers. My thanks to Astrium and the European space industry for this exceptional launcher. My thanks also to the shareholders of Arianespace, and in particular to the French Space Agency CNES, for this vote of confidence in the future."
"This agreement enables Astrium, which has been prime contractor for Ariane 5 since 2003, to ensure the continuity of production beyond 2017," explained Alain Charmeau, CEO of Astrium Space Transportation. "It also guarantees the continuity of the entire industrial production chain which comprises 550 companies (of which 20% are SMEs) and 6,000 people across 12 European countries."
Arianespace is the world leader in its sector and its order book represents more than three years of work, which represents 4 billion euros in value.
Astrium, the number one company in Europe for space technologies and the second in the world, is the sole prime contractor of Ariane 5 and provides Arianespace with complete launchers that are tested and integrated at the Guiana Space Centre. Astrium also manages all the contracts of the industrial partners in the Ariane programme's 12 partner countries.
About Arianespace
Arianespace is the world's leading satellite launch company, delivering innovation to its customers since 1980. Backed by 21 shareholders and the European Space Agency, the company offers an international workforce renowned for a culture of commitment and excellence. As of September 18, 2013, Arianespace had carried out a total of 215 Ariane launches, 31 Soyuz launches (five at the Guiana Space Center and 26 at Baikonur via Starsem) and two Vega launches. Arianespace has a backlog of 19 Ariane 5, 10 Soyuz and four Vega launches, equaling three years of business.
About Astrium
Astrium is the number one company in Europe for space technologies and the second in the world. It is the only global company that covers the full range of civil and defence space systems, equipment and services.
In 2012, Astrium had a turnover over €5.8 billion and 18,000 employees worldwide.
Its three business units are: Astrium Space Transportation, the European prime contractor for launchers, orbital systems and space exploration; Astrium Satellites, a leading provider of satellite system solutions, including spacecraft, ground segments, payloads and equipments; Astrium Services, the Space services partner for critical missions, providing comprehensive fixed and mobile solutions covering secure and commercial satcoms and networks, and bespoke geo-information services, worldwide.
Astrium is a wholly owned subsidiary of EADS, a global leader in aerospace, defence and related services. In 2012, the Group – comprising Airbus, Astrium, Cassidian and Eurocopter – generated revenues of €56.5 billion and employed a workforce of over 140,000.
http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/38331spacex-challenge-has-arianespace-rethinking-pricing-policies
ЦитироватьSpaceX Challenge Has Arianespace Rethinking Pricing Policies
By Peter B. de Selding | Nov. 25, 2013
(http://www.spacenews.com/sites/spacenews.com/files/styles/large/public/images/articles/SteveIsrael_4X3France.jpg) (http://www.spacenews.com/sites/spacenews.com/files/images/articles/SteveIsrael_4X3France.jpg)
"I have sent a signal to our customers telling them that I could review our pricing policy, within certain limits," Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said. Credit: French government photo
PARIS — The Arianespace commercial launch consortium is telling its customers it is open to reducing the cost of flights for lighter satellites on the Ariane 5 rocket in response to the challenge posed by SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said Nov. 25.
"I have sent a signal to our customers telling them that I could review our pricing policy, within certain limits," Israel said in an interview with Les Echos, a French financial newspaper. "I think they have appreciated this."
Israel's comments came on the day when Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX), after a decade of rattling Arianespace's cage, is preparing its first-ever launch into the geostationary transfer orbit used by most commercial telecommunications satellites, and the place where most commercial revenue is made.
SpaceX Chairman Elon Musk taunted Arianespace again on Nov. 24, the day before his company's scheduled launch of the SES-8 satellite owned by SES of Luxembourg.
"Unless the other rocket makers improve their technology rapidly, they will lose significant market share to the Falcon 9," Musk said in a news briefing.
SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell added: "Competition is always a good thing. It keeps people sharp. They [Arianespace and other competitors] may not look at it that way, but hopefully they'll come to appreciate it in the future."
Israel said Evry, France-based Arianespace, which has a more than 50 percent share of today's global commercial launch market, is less worried about its position in the market for the heavier satellites it launches on each Ariane 5 because of the recent failures of Russia's Proton rocket. Proton is Arianespace's principal competitor for launching satellites weighing more than 5,000 kilograms.
The heavy-lift Ariane 5's business model requires that it routinely launch two satellites at a time into geostationary transfer orbit. The heavier satellite is in top position. For these satellites Arianespace competes not only with Proton but also with the Russian-Ukrainian Sea Launch vehicle for customers.
But for each heavy satellite, Arianespace must find a lighter spacecraft to occupy the lower position on the Ariane 5 rocket. Up to now, the competition in this sector of the market has been less intense, as both Proton and Sea Launch typically launch one satellite at a time and are focused on the larger spacecraft.
But with the arrival of Hawthorne, Calif.-based SpaceX on the scene, Arianespace now has a direct competitor for those lighter satellites.
SES, which operates a fleet of 50-plus satellites, contracts for three or four launches per year, usually with Arianespace. But SES has given unbridled praise to SpaceX and its prices, which are substantially lower than what Arianespace charges, and has booked three more flight options with SpaceX after the SES-8 launch.
The size of the global commercial geostationary satellite launch market is no more than 20-25 satellites per year. The long-term loss of SES as a customer, even if only for the lighter satellites, would have serious consequences for Arianespace, the company that, in the early 1980s, all but invented the commercial launch business.
"I am looking at our pricing policy and if we must adapt it to the competition, we will," Israel said. "We'll look at the overall efficiency of the Ariane business with a view to optimizing it."
Israel said there are more small telecommunications satellites being designed now than ever, a fact he attributed in part to the arrival of SpaceX, which has stimulated the market.
For heavier satellites, Israel said the recent failures of Proton rockets have driven customers to Arianespace.
Arianespace in the past has worked to develop a policy of pricing launches on a per-kilogram basis. Israel's statements suggest the company is willing to de-couple the policy for lighter satellites from that used for heavier spacecraft to meet the SpaceX market threat.
Follow Peter on Twitter: @pbdes (http://twitter.com/pbdes)
ЦитироватьСтарый пишет:
Лучшая тяжёлая РН - Протон! :P
Естественно, даже смешно обсуждать ариан в плане "самой лучшей ракеты" :) :) если эта ракета при каждом !!!!!!коммерческом пуске, датируется налогоплательщиками Франции и.т.д.. В таком случае можно обсуждать и лунную ракету США и Энергию....в плане "лучшей ракеты" ..Ведь если бы их датировали так же как ЕС датирует Ариан, то эти бы Р/Н пускали и сейчас.
Так что лучше Протона пока :( НЕТ..... пока нет.(в смысле протон хотят "закрыть", видно кому то за бугром, он мешает конкурировать.)
Ариан лучшая ракета чем Протон, т.к. кормит инженеров.
И не около 40000 рублей в месяц
http://www.superjob.ru/resume/cv-9351057.html, а намного больше.
ЦитироватьДмитрий пишет:
Ариан лучшая ракета чем Протон, т.к. кормит инженеров.
И не около 40000 рублей в месяц
http://www.superjob.ru/resume/cv-9351057.html , а намного больше.
вот оказывается для чего проектировался Ариан, а я то наивный .... :D думал что нагрузку выводить.
Думаю что как кормушка нынешние Атлас с Дельтой превосходят Ариану.
ЦитироватьДмитрий пишет:
Ариан лучшая ракета чем Протон, т.к. кормит инженеров.
И не около 40000 рублей в месяц
http://www.superjob.ru/resume/cv-9351057.html , а намного больше.
ЕСА инженеры получают с начала от 50000 до 80000 Евро в год.ЦитироватьDas Gehalt eines Luft- und Raumfahrtingenieurs hängt stark von seiner Qualifikation und seiner Berufserfahrung ab. Berufseinsteiger verdienen in der Regel zwischen 60.000 und 80.000 Franken pro Jahr. Je nach Tätigkeit kann das Salär nach einigen Jahren bei mehr als 100.000 Franken liegen.
http://zhsf-edu.ch/traumberuf-luft-und-raumfahrtingenieur-welche-karrieremoglichkeiten-gibt-es/ (http://zhsf-edu.ch/traumberuf-luft-und-raumfahrtingenieur-welche-karrieremoglichkeiten-gibt-es/)
Теперь идут серии тестов двигателя VINCI в варианте M5, в конец 2014 года для завершения этапа проектирования. В течение десять месяцев будут 16 огневые испытания сделанных. Двигатель сосданы с новой керамической насадки будет использованы для Ariane 5ME и Ariane 6 для верных ступени.
ЦитироватьThe test series of this fifth variant of the Vinci engine, named M5, will run for ten months and include 16 firing tests, to freeze the design by the end of 2014. Ariane 5ME, being readied to fly from 2017 or 2018, will boost payload by 20% to 12T compared to the current launcher.
http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/vinci-engine-tests-lift-ariane-upgrade-programme-391140/
En exclusivité : le site de lancement d'Ariane 5 en 3D
http://www.futura-sciences.com/magazines/espace/infos/actu/d/astronautique-exclusivite-site-lancement-ariane-5-3d-45927/ (http://www.futura-sciences.com/magazines/espace/infos/actu/d/astronautique-exclusivite-site-lancement-ariane-5-3d-45927/)
Суперакция на Ариан-5. Из статьи не совсем понятно это стоимость только производства РН или вместе с пуском. Кроме того "больше 2 млрд евро" звучит немного расплывчато.
ЦитироватьPARIS — Astrium Space Transportation, which in January changes its name to Airbus Defense and Space, will build 18 heavy-lift Ariane 5 rockets for delivery starting in 2017 under a contract valued at more than 2 billion euros ($2.7 billion), Astrium announced Dec. 14.
The contract, with launch service provider Arianespace of Evry, France, was signed at Europe's Guiana Space Center spaceport in South America, which is French territory, in the presence of French President Francois Hollande.
Arianespace had previously contracted with Astrium for Ariane 5 long-lead items to assure that the vehicles arrive as scheduled.
The precise value of the contract was not disclosed, but Astrium said the deal's terms reflect "a significant improvement" in the price-to-performance ratio compared to the previous 35-vehicle contract, which was signed in 2009.
Arianespace said in a statement that the new order brings to 38 the number of Ariane 5 rockets under construction or under contract.
Astrium, as prime contractor for the Ariane 5 rocket, is a major shareholder in Arianespace, alongside the French space agency, CNES. Other Ariane 5 contractors have smaller Arianespace stakes.
Astrium managers recently called for a thorough overhaul of the Ariane contractor mix with a view to reducing prices to stay viable in the competitive world commercial launch market.
http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38690arianespace-orders-18-ariane-5-rockets-from-astrium
ЦитироватьApollo13 пишет:
Суперакция на Ариан-5. Из статьи не совсем понятно это стоимость только производства РН или вместе с пуском. Кроме того "больше 2 млрд евро" звучит немного расплывчато.
Цитировать
http://www.spacenews.com/article/financial-report/38690arianespace-orders-18-ariane-5-rockets-from-astrium
То только стоимость создания носители. Получаем = 2 миллиарды поделить на 18 = это около 111 миллион Евро за носитель. С пуском будет около 200 миллионов Евро.
Циклограмма работы твердотопливных ускорителей - Ariane 5.
Посмотрел на прогнозируемые данные, да, очень сложная работа двигатели. Получаем:
- Тяга при пуске около 5200 kN.
- После 15 секунд получаем первый максимум.
- Потом уменьшается тяга чтобы после 35-40 секунд достигнуть минимум до 4000 kN,
- как раз в точке, где получаем максимальные аэродинамические силы на носитель .
- Теперь из-за увеличения поверхности увеличивается тяга, где после 90 секунд получаем 6300 KN.
- После етого тяга идет вниз до 0, около 120 секунд после пуска.
- Разделение происходит, когда тяга меньше чем 200 KN.
- Средняя тяга 5270 KN на бустер.
Да, нет ничего приятнее, чем хорошие новости в течение Рождественского сезона, как :
1- Заказ на 18 носители, наверно и последные успешной серии Ariane 5 ECA. .
2- Успешное завершение Verification Keypoints в Ariane 5 ME "Мidlife Evolution" программа развития.
3- Кроме того "Keypoint" подтвердил также, что Ариан 5 в новой конфигурации может достичь еще больше грузоподъемность, чем первоначально требуется. Ариан 5ME будет иметь возможность запуска полезных нагрузок до 12,5 т на ГПО.
4- Строительство завода для новых баков криогенной верхней ступени в Бремене, картинка. Пока производство было в Европе разбросано, теперь через концентрацию в городе Bremen позволит значительное увеличение эффективности и значительное ценовое преимущество. Фабрика будет в концe 2014 года в эксплуатации.
ЦитироватьAriane 5 – erfolgreiche Meilensteine am Jahresende 19. 12. 2013
Nichts ist erfreulicher, als mit guten Nachrichten in die Weihnachtszeit zu gehen! So hat das Ariane 5-Programm der Europäischen Weltraumorganisation ESA in den letzten Tagen des gehenden Jahres noch einige wichtige Hürden genommen: die Bestellung von 18 weiteren Ariane 5 ECA-Trägerraketen für den laufenden Ariane-Betrieb, den erfolgreichen Abschluss des "Verification Keypoints" im Ariane 5 ME "Midlife Evolution"-Entwicklungsprogramm und den Beginn der Bauarbeiten am neuen Oberstufen-Tankzentrum in Bremen.
Im Zuge der Vorbereitungen auf die ESA-Ministerratskonferenz Ende 2014 in Luxemburg, in deren Rahmen auch Entscheidungen bezüglich der Trägersysteme getroffen werden, wurde im Ariane 5 ME-Entwicklungsprogramm ein Meilenstein zur Bewertung des aktuellen Status eingeführt. Ein Expertengremium, bestehend aus Vertretern der Raumfahrtagenturen ESA, CNES, DLR sowie der Industrie, hatte das Projekt zwei Wochen lang intensiv geprüft. Es sollte festgestellt werden, ob die technischen, planerischen und wirtschaftlichen Projektziele einzuhalten und die Kosten des Programms unter Kontrolle sind.
Das Ergebnis der Evaluierung war überaus positiv und attestierte sowohl dem Ariane 5 ME-Projekt einen exzellenten Zwischenstand, als auch den Projektteams der ESA und der Industrie eine überzeugende Leistung. Demnach ist die Ariane 5 ME auf bestem Wege, 2018 zu ihrem Qualifikationsflug zu starten, und dabei bereits die Flexibilität der neuen Oberstufe aus Deutschland einem umfangreichen Test zu unterziehen. Auf dem "Keypoint" wurde darüber hinaus bestätigt, dass die Ariane 5 in der neuen Konfiguration sogar mehr Nutzlastkapazität erreichen kann als ursprünglich gefordert. Ariane 5ME wird in der Lage sein, Nutzlasten von bis zu 12,5 Tonnen Gesamtgewicht in den geostationären Transferorbit zu starten. Damit besteht ausreichend Spielraum, um die Rakete bis ins nächste Jahrzehnt weiterhin effizient im Doppelstart zu betreiben und flexibel auf Entwicklungen im Telekommunikationssektor zu reagieren.
Eine der wichtigsten Empfehlungen der Expertenkommission war es, schnellstmöglich die neuen Fertigungsanlagen in Betrieb zunehmen, um frühzeitig mit den Tests der neuen Oberstufe und ihren Komponenten beginnen zu können. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die aktuellen Fortschritte auf der Baustelle der neuen Oberstufen-Tankfabrik in Bremen besonders erfreulich. Die beiden Industriefirmen MT Aerospace und Eurocryospace bauen für die Produktion der Ariane 5 ME-Oberstufentanks zwei neue Fertigungshallen in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberstufenintegration bei Astrium. Die bisher in Europa verstreute Produktion wird nun am Standort Bremen gebündelt und erlaubt so eine deutliche Effizienzsteigerung und damit einen erheblichen Kostenvorteil. Die Erdarbeiten in Bremen haben jetzt begonnen. Die Tankfabrik soll bereits Ende 2014 in Betrieb sein.
Damit könnten die 18 Träger des am 14. Dezember 2013 bestellten Produktionsloses die letzten Raketen der überaus erfolgreichen Ariane 5 ECA-Baureihe sein. Sie sollen im Zeitraum von 2017 bis 2019 starten. Danach kann die Ariane 5 ME in Serie gehen und dem Ariane-Programm neue Innovation und Zukunftsfähigkeit bereitstellen.
http://www.dlr.de/blogs/de/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-7023/11643_read-680/
Закон французский мусора могут представлять проблему для Arianespace и Ариане-5, 10.04.2014 Последняя ступень носители нужна получить гарантию на падение в нежилые регионы. Это уменьшает ПН на около несколько 100 кг полезной нагрузки.
Цитировать"We in France seem to have a talent for shooting ourselves in the foot with regulations that hurt our industry and have no effect on the worldwide market, which is where we compete," one French industry official involved in Ariane 5 production said.
The law, which takes effect gradually in the coming years, will be applicable to all new vehicles, including the Ariane 5 Midlife Evolution rocket now midway through development, according to the French space agency, CNES.
Europe's Guiana Space Center spaceport is on French territory, making France the "launching state" in terms of regulatory responsibility for vehicles operated there.
The 20-nation European Space Agency, of which France is a member, has said it will follow the law's requirements even though it is under no legal obligation to do so.
The Ariane 5 ME is designed to increase the current Ariane 5 ECA rocket's power by about 20 percent, permitting the rocket to carry two satellites weighing a combined 12,000 kilograms into geostationary transfer orbit.
The new vehicle's actual performance will be about 12,700 kilograms to that orbit, which is the most popular destination for the commercial telecommunications satellites that account for the vast majority of Arianespace's business.
Subtracting the weight of the structure that keeps the two satellites from banging into each other on liftoff leaves 12,000 kilograms of actual satellite payload-carrying capability for Ariane 5 ME, according to industrial estimates of the vehicle's performance. A first flight is scheduled for 2018, pending ESA governments' approval of go-ahead financing late this year.
But carrying sufficient fuel to assure a controlled re-entry of the upper stage reduces the vehicle's performance to between 11,200 and 11,500 kilograms.
For Evry, France-based Arianespace, the difference is important. The company's Ariane 5 business model is based on finding two compatible satellites to fill as much of the Ariane 5 as possible. The company already has problems finding two payloads for its Ariane 5 ECA.
"The difference between 12 and 11.2 or 11.5 [metric] tons is the difference between carrying two large satellites at a time or having to match one large and one medium-size satellite," said another industry official whose company is involved with Ariane 5 rockets.
Christophe Bonnal, a manager in CNES's launcher directorate and an expert on space debris, declined to comment on the space law but made the case for its adoption.
"In 2013, 83 rocket upper stages or large satellite pieces re-entered the atmosphere," Bonnal said here during the Space Access conference organized by Astech Paris Region, adding that sooner or later one of these objects is going to cause serious injury.
Bonnal is a French representative on the 12-nation Inter Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), which includes most nations with active space launch capabilities. "The IADC members have agreed that if there is a greater than 10 to the minus 4 [1 in 10,000] chance of a stage re-entering — and this is the case for all large rocket upper stages — then it should be ordered on a controlled re-entry. The United Nations has adopted similar guidelines, as has ISO."
http://spacenews.com/article/launch-report/40171french-debris-mitigation-law-could-pose-issue-for-arianespace (http://spacenews.com/article/launch-report/40171french-debris-mitigation-law-could-pose-issue-for-arianespace)
http://spacenews.com/with-revenue-looking-up-arianespace-seeks-to-bring-ariane-5-costs-down/
ЦитироватьWith Revenue Looking Up, Arianespace Seeks To Bring Ariane 5 Costs Down
by Peter B. de Selding (http://spacenews.com/author/peter-b-de-selding/) — October 21, 2015
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/155547.jpg)
In testimony to the French Senate's economic affairs committee, Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said the company has booked nearly 2 billion euros in new orders this year, bringing its backlog to more than 5 billion euros and maintaining its market share at 50 percent. Credit: Arianespace
PARIS — The chief executive of launch service provider Arianespace on Oct. 21 said the company is likely to finish the year with revenue of 1.4 billion euros ($1.56 billion), slightly ahead of 2014, having conducted a record 12 launches.
In testimony to the French Senate's economic affairs committee, Stephane Israel said Evry, France-based Arianespace has booked nearly 2 billion euros in new orders this year, bringing its backlog to more than 5 billion euros and maintaining its market share at 50 percent.
The backlog is composed of launch contracts for 21 Ariane 5 heavy-lift rocket missions, 21 medium-lift Soyuz launches — for startup OneWeb's Internet constellation — and 10 orders for Vega light-lift rockets, including a commercial order fr om Google's Skybox for its Earth imaging satellite constellation.
Israel said the health of Arianespace, coupled with the commitment of European governments, led by France, to inject some 800 million euros per year into the launcher sector through 2024, makes it a good time for Ariane 5's work force to reduce costs.
The 800-million-euro commitment from member governments of the European Space Agency, made in December 2014, is divided into ongoing price supports and other financing of the Ariane 5 and current Vega rockets, and development of the new Ariane 6 and upgraded Vega C rockets to fly starting at the end of this decade.
To keep competitive with Hawthorne, California-based SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket and the future Falcon Heavy, Arianespace has reduced prices for lighter satellites occupying the lower berth on an Ariane 5. Heavier satellites, wh ere Arianespace has faced less competition in recent years, are placed into the upper berth.
A corresponding reduction in Ariane 5 costs — rocket production, launch activities and ground network — is necessary to avoid having Arianespace's financial accounts plunge again into the red, Israel said. The goal: a 5-6 percent cost reduction in total Ariane 5 costs by 2017.
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The current Ariane 5 costs 150-170 million euros to build and launch.
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неожиданно много для веги
https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684332622420520960
Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes)
Arianespace CEO: ILS is selling Proton launches at 'extremely aggressive prices, < SpaceX Falcon Heavy. We wont follow them down that path.'
3:16 - 5 янв. 2016 г.
https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684333394214432768
Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes)
Arianespace CEO: In 2015 we cut our CSG spaceport cost by 7% by offering longer-duration contracts to our ground-segment contractors.
3:19 - 5 янв. 2016 г.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684331799691018240)
Arianespace CEO: 2015 rev ~ EUR 1.4B ($1.54B): 6 Ariane 5, 3 Euro Soyuz & 3 Vega launches. Higher rev 2016 w/ 8 A5, 1 Soyuz, 2 Vega planned.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684329135947280384)
Arianespace CEO: We wont change course 'one iota' after SpaceX reusability advance. 'Economics of reuse very complicated. We like Ariane 6.'
Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684332161214902277)
Arianespace CEO: No need for us to be 'SpaceX-centric.' India, China, Russia all in market one way or another.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684343758767390721)
Correction: Arianespace CEO: In 2014 we & SpaceX tied in commercial GTO sat orders. In 2015, we won 14 & SpaceX, 9. ILS & ULA each got 1.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/684334431352524801)
Arianespace CEO: 36% of our 2015 commercial GTO sat launch contracts were for all-electric sats, causing big return of small & midsize sats.
http://www.arianespace.com/corporate-news/maintaining-arianespaces-launch-services-leadership-in-2016-and-beyond/
http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/arianespace-to-launch-two-viasat-high-capacity-satellites/
Разработка (https://habrahabr.ru/flows/develop/) → Космическая ошибка: $370 000 000 за Integer overflow
https://habrahabr.ru/company/pvs-studio/blog/306748/
http://spacenews.com/arianespace-says-may-add-launch-slot-in-2017-in-wake-of-spacex-proton-issues/
ЦитироватьArianespace may add 2017 launch slot in wake of SpaceX, Proton issues
by Peter B. de Selding (http://spacenews.com/author/peter-b-de-selding/) — September 8, 2016
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/155363.jpg)
Arianespace CEO Stephane Israel contrasted his company's deliberative -- and higher-cost -- approach to launch services to what he said was competitor SpaceX's constant iteration. Reusable rockets? The argument for them is not yet persuasive, he said. Credit: SpaceNews file photo
PARIS — Europe's Arianespace launch-service provider — the only one of the three principal commercial launch operators not grounded by rocket problems — might be able to add a supplemental heavy-lift Ariane 5 vehicle to its 2017 manifest if market conditions demand it, Arianespace Chief Executive Stephane Israel said Sept. 8.
In an interview, Israel said the Evry, France-based company would finish this year with a seventh Ariane 5 campaign, not eight as originally planned. The company's 2016 Ariane 5 manifest was upset by the non-availability of Japan's DSN-1/Superbird-8 satellite, which was damaged en route to the launch site.
Israel said the company would be able to catch up on its backlog by early 2017 and was already planning seven Ariane 5 campaigns for the year. Earlier plans were to launch six Ariane 5 rockets in 2017.
"We are now looking to see whether we can add an eighth launch in the event an upper-berth passenger is available given the evolution of the market," Israel said.
By "market evolution" Israel was referring to the Sept. 1 failure of competitor SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket during a static firing, and to the fact that Russia's Proton rocket will be grounded until at least mid-November following a June anomaly.
The June event did not result in a mission failure, but was judged serious enough by Proton manufacturer Khrunichev Space Center of Moscow to suspend launches since then.
Ariane 6: Expendable and not ashamed of it
In a Sept. 7 interview with France Info radio, Israel reiterated his confidence in what he portrayed as Arianespace's more plodding, deliberative — and higher-cost — approach to launches when compared to SpaceX.
Arianespace does not want a reusable rocket for the moment, he said, because it's not certain that reusability can reduce costs and maintain reliability. The Ariane 6 rocket, to operate starting in 2020, will not be reusable. The company also is wary of the Silicon Valley ethos that champions constant iteration, which he said has been a feature of Hawthorne, California-based SpaceX as well.
"We think that the more a launch resembles the preceding launch, the better we are for our customers because we remain in the 'explored domain' where everything is understood," Israel said.
Unlike its two principal competitors, Arianespace's Ariane 5 business model depends mainly on pairing lighter and heavier satellites for its launches.
The Evry, France-based company struggles in periods when the commercial market favors one or the other satellite model. For now, the stand-down of Falcon 9 and Proton could cause owners of heavier satellites to seek a slot on Ariane 5's upper berth.
The rocket's lower berth is reserved for the higher of the two spacecraft.
Building heavy-lift rockets is not like building automobiles. A manufacturer cannot react quickly to market opportunities created by a competitor's failure.
Soyuz option for small telecom satellites
For very light telecommunications satellites, Arianespace has a second option, which it has not used so far, in the Europeanized Russian Soyuz rocket. Operating from Europe's equatorial Guiana Space Center on the northeast coast of South America, the Europeanized Soyuz can carry a satellite weighing around 3,300 kilograms, and perhaps a bit more, into geostationary-transfer orbit.
Israel stressed that whatever fresh capacity the company made available in 2017 would not provoke launch delays for customers that have already booked with Arianespace.
In his largely diplomatic remarks on SpaceX's failure — "failures? Everyone has had them, including us," he said — Israel sought to distinguish Arianespace from SpaceX's corporate culture from that of Arianespace and its industrial contractors.
"It is very difficult to do innovate with each launch, increase launch cadence and avoid failure all at the same time," Israel said.
Falcon 9 Full Thrust is a new vehicle; Ariane 5 was once, too
It is not clear how much near-term tinkering SpaceX plans for the current Falcon 9 Full Thrust vehicle, which has made only eight flights, all successful, since it was introduced in December 2015. Its first flight to geostationary transfer orbit was in March.
The June 2015 Falcon 9 failure was of the vehicle's earlier version, since discontinued. The Sept. 1 failure, which destroyed the $200 million Amos-6 satellite owned by Spacecomm of Israel, was not during a launch but during a prelaunch test firing.
It is not yet clear whether that failure was due to ground support equipment, or the rocket, or some combination of the two. If the investigation points to a rocket issue, the Falcon 9 could be grounded for several months. It took nearly six months after the June 2015 failure for SpaceX to resume flights.
The Ariane 5 rocket was introduced in 1996 and suffered a spectacular low-altitude failure on its inaugural flight. A partial failure occurred in 1997, and still another in 2001 before a full failure in 2002. Since then the rocket has racked up 73 consecutive successes.
Looking back, European government and industry launch officials agree that it took nearly six years for them to fully stabilize the Ariane 5 launch system.
Цитировать (https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 ч.10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/783781871335243776)
Ariane 5 is expected to fly until ~ 2023, assuming success of Ariane 6 starting in 2020, then 3 yrs of dual operations.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 10 ч.10 часов назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/783781656326909952)
Ariane 5 success equals the 74 straight successes of predecessor Ariane 4, which was then retired, in 2003, to make way for Ariane 5.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/185524.jpg) Peter B. de Selding @pbdes (https://twitter.com/pbdes) 2 ч.2 часа назад (https://twitter.com/pbdes/status/783909360497864706)
Sat insurance: Launch+1st yr in orbit. Ariane 5 (~4-5%), Falcon 9 (a bit higher) & Proton (12-13%); available volume up.#satechrevolution (https://twitter.com/hashtag/satechrevolution?src=hash)
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/158907.jpg)
http://www.arianespace.com/corporate-news/an-arianespace-focus-on-ariane-5s-impressive-75-in-a-row-launch-record/
ЦитироватьNov 21, 2016
An Arianespace focus on Ariane 5's impressive 75 in-a-row launch record
Ariane 5 has marked a new chapter of operational service with its 75th launch success in a row, and Arianespace is celebrating the milestone – achieved this month – with a dedicated website page that brings together videos, key facts and mission highlights underscoring the heavy-lift vehicle's track record of reliability and service.
Among the features of Arianespace's dedicated website page (http://www.arianespace.com/75-successes/) are interactive "tiles" with details on each flight in Ariane 5's consecutive string of on-target missions, including liftoff images and launch team photos, plus information on the payloads.
(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/222928.jpg)
Arianespace's dedicated website page includes interactive "tiles" with details on each mission in Ariane 5's 75 consecutive launch successes.
"The Ariane 5 story is one of shared success involving Arianespace, its customers, the European Space Agency (ESA) and member states, along with European industry – including prime contractor Airbus Safran Launchers – all our partners and our great staff," explained Stéphane Israël, Chairman and CEO of Arianespace. "This has been a key part of fulfilling Arianespace's mission of using space to make life better on Earth, and we are pleased to be highlighting Ariane 5's track record with our special focus on www.arianespace.com."
With its latest launch achievement, Ariane 5 now holds the record for consecutive missions accomplished among Arianespace's launcher family operating from French Guiana – surpassing Ariane 4's string of 74 in a row from 1995 to 2003.
And "75 in a row" is far from Ariane 5's only impressive figure. During the 13-year period that began in 2003, the launcher deployed 149 spacecraft for commercial and institutional operators, with over 623 metric tons (1.4 million pounds) delivered to orbit.
Billions of people have benefited from the space applications deployed via Ariane 5 – confirming this heavy-lift vehicle's unrivaled reliability in the commercial market, along with its availability and flexibility for a wide range of missions to various orbits.
For photos, videos and other multimedia content that captures Ariane 5's ongoing achievements, visit the Arianespace website's dedicated page (http://www.arianespace.com/75-successes/), and follow Arianespace on Twitter (https://twitter.com/arianespace) and Instagram. (https://www.instagram.com/arianespace/)
Then get ready for the next success!
https://www.spaceintelreport.com/arianespace/
ЦитироватьAriane 5 enhancements: + 300kg performance, and more room under fairing
To increase the Ariane 5 flexibility, Arianespace is investing in two improvements that should be available n 2019. The first, comprising a series of small modifications to the rocket, will add 300 kilograms to its payload-carrying capacity to GTO. The second is the addition of a structure under therocket's 17-meter fairing to add 1.5 meters of additional volume.
Israel said these two enhancements will broaden Ariane 5's ability to carry two medium-size satellites at a time, just as today it can house one large and one small satellite under the fairing.
https://www.ohb.de/en/news/mt-aerospace-awarded-contract-for-the-production-of-ten-ariane-5-sets/
Цитировать24. April 2018
Press Release
MT Aerospace awarded contract for the production of ten Ariane 5 sets
Augsburg/Bremen, April 24, 2018 MT Aerospace will be producing the metallic booster housings, tanks and other lightweight structures for the final ten Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicles. Orders from Europropulsion (boosters), ArianeGroup (structures) and Eurocryospace have been placed to the Augsburg-based space company.
Jobs in Augsburg secured in transition phase to Ariane 6
In two years' time, launch operations for the future European Ariane 6 launch vehicle are to commence at the Kourou space center in French Guiana, South America. To ensure a smooth transition between 2020 and 2022, contracts for the last batch of ten Ariane 5 launchers were announced by ArianeGroup and Arianespace in January.
MT has already started with the production of the first components under the new contract. This ensures deliveries until 2020 as well as a smooth migration from Ariane 5 to Ariane 6. At the same time, jobs at MT Aerospace in Augsburg will be secured during the transition phase until production of the components for the Ariane 6. By the time it ships the final set in mid-2020, MT Aerospace will have worked on a total of 93 Ariane 5 launch vehicles. In operation since 1996, this Ariane 5 is the most reliable and successful launcher to date.
MT Aerospace is playing a crucial role in the development and industrialization of the Ariane 6 launcher system. With an industrial work share of around 10 percent, MT Aerospace is developing technical innovations for metal structures for enhancing the competitiveness of this future launch vehicle in its capacity as a risk share partner and cluster prime.
Contact:
MT Aerospace
Nivart Holsworth// PR & Communication //
Tel.: +49 821 505 1033 // E-Mail: pr@mt-aerospace.de (mailto:pr@mt-aerospace.de)
About MT Aerospace
MT Aerospace is an internationally respected company in the aerospace industry with around 700 employees at sites in Augsburg, Mainz (Germany), Cagliari (Italy) and Kourou (French Guyana). As a member of the listed European space and technology group OHB SE (https://www.ohb.de/) (Prime Standard, ISIN: DE0005936124), it develops and produces key components for the European Ariane launch vehicle, the Airbus fleet, space vehicles and flights. MT Aerospace is the technological leader in light-weight metal and composite engineering and, with a work share of around 10 percent, is the largest non-French components supplier for the Ariane program. www.mt-aerospace.de (http://www.mt-aerospace.de)
https://www.ideenwerkbw.de/dlr-raketentests/
испытание двигателя 2 ступени в вакууме.
Ариаша хорошо а Флакоша - лучше.