Форум Новости Космонавтики

http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sci-tech/india-set-to-join-exclusive-cryogenic-club_100266237.html

ЦитироватьIndia set to join exclusive cryogenic club
October 27th, 2009 - 2:31 pm ICT by IANS  -  

By Venkatachari Jagannathan
Chennai, Oct 27 (IANS) After its maiden moon mission, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is hoping to cross another milestone in December - take India into the exclusive club of countries that have developed their own cryogenic engines to power satellites in space.

ISRO is hoping to end 2009 in style with the take-off of its fully indigenous geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) carrying an experimental satellite GSAT 4 in mid-December.

The GSLV-D3 will have an indigenously built cryogenic engine that will be used for the first time in the rocket's upper stage. The GSLV-D3 is slated to be launched from ISRO's spaceport Sriharikota, about 80 km northeast of Chennai, to carry the GSAT-4 communication satellite into a geo-stationary orbit, about 36,000 km above the earth. The 49-metre-tall rocket will have a lift-off weight of 414 tonnes.

Only a few countries like the US, Russia, France, Japan and China have developed their own cryogenic engines and India is expected to join this club.

For all the five earlier GSLV missions, ISRO had used Russian cryogenic engines.

"The cryogenic engine reached Sriharikota early this month from ISRO's facility in Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu. The GSAT 4 communication satellite is expected to reach here by the middle of next month. Final tests are being done at Bangalore where it was built," M.Y.S. Prasad, associate director, Satish Dhawan Space Centre, told IANS on phone from ISRO's launch centre at Sriharikota.

He said the physical inspection of the cryogenic stage is on and the engine's sensors are to be calibrated. It will be fuelled by liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen.

While GSLVs with Russian cryogenic engines have been designated as operational rockets after two developmental flights, the one that will go up in December is called 'developmental flight 32 (GSLV D3) as it will be fired by the ISRO-developed cryogenic engine.

The last GSLV went up on Sep 2, 2007, carrying the 2,130 kg INSAT-4CR satellite.

Speaking about how far the three-stage rocket had been assembled, Prasad said: "The first stage — solid fuel booster and four strap-on motors — has been assembled. The assembly of the second stage liquid engine is under progress and will be over in one and a half weeks. The last stage is the cryogenic stage."

Last December, the indigenously developed cryogenic upper stage engine passed the flight acceptance test with the engine tested for 200 seconds.

The development of cryogenic engines involves mastering materials technology, operating rotary pumps and turbines which run at 42,000 revolutions per minute (RPM).

The development of a cryogenic engine is crucial for ISRO to build more powerful GSLV rockets that can carry four-tonne satellites.

Further, ISRO is lagging behind in launching its GSAT series for want of a cryogenic engine. GSAT 4 was supposed to have gone up two years back.

Weighing around two tonnes, GSAT 4 will carry a multi-beam Ka-band bent pipe and regenerative transponder and navigation payload in C, L1 and L5 bands. The satellite can guide civil and military aircraft.

GSAT 4 will also carry a scientific payload, TAUVEX, comprising three ultra violet band telescopes developed by Tel Aviv University and Israel space agency (ELOP) for surveying a large part of the sky in the 1,400-3,200 Angstrom wavelengths.

The GSLV rocket will place GSAT 4 in the geo transfer orbit (GTO) from where the satellite will be taken up to an altitude of 36,000 km and then positioned.

According to Prasad, ISRO is gearing up to launch six rockets per year and has created a huge liquid fuel storing facility for that purpose at Sriharikota.

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=1173.450

ЦитироватьRe: Indian launch schedule
« Reply #459 on: 12/02/2009 01:02 PM »   

ISRO latest news (according regional newspaper - eenadu.net):
1. Propulsion reached Sriharikota for GSLV-D3. Plans to launch D3 in Jan'10
2. ISRO plans 6 launches per year

~ Prasad

Цитировать2010
end January- GSLV Mk-2 (D3) GSat 4 (includes Tauvex-2 and Gagan (=GPS augmentation))

http://tauvex.iiap.res.in/

(http://i012.radikal.ru/0912/8e/5cdb96402206t.jpg) (http://radikal.ru/F/i012.radikal.ru/0912/8e/5cdb96402206.jpg.html)

http://www.rich-trade.ru/ru/37/indiiskie-kosmicheskie-proekty

ЦитироватьGSAT - 4

GSAT- 4 планируется запустить в 2009 г. на борту GSLV-D3, пробной версии GSLV Mark 2. На спутнике демонстрационной технологии весом в 2 тонны будет находиться полезный груз с оборудованием связи, включающим многолучевой поток Ka-диапазона и ретранслятор с регенерацией сигналов и навигационным оборудованием в C, L1 и L5 –диапазоне. У спутника будет также полезный груз с научным оборудованием, Tauvex, включающим в себя три телескопа ультрафиолетового (UV) диапазона, разработанных Университетом Тель-Авива и Израильским агентством космических исследований для наблюдения за большей частью неба на длине волн 1400-3200 ангстрем. Среди новых технологий, которые тестируются на борту GSAT – 4, - плазменные ракетные двигатели малой тяги, Система управления (BMU), миниатюрные динамически настраиваемые гироскопы, Литий-ионные батареи на 36 Aч, шина 70 В для Ka-диапазона и бортовой структурный динамический вибрационно-лучевой акселерометр. Спутник GSAT-4 будет иметь мощность 2500 ватт и будет расположен на геостационарной орбите с наклонением 82° восточной долготы на высоте около 36 000 км над землей.

ЦитироватьGAGAN

GAGAN – это навигационная система, использующая спутники, которая послужит недорогой заменой for Instrument Landing System (ILS). Систему разрабатывает ISRO совместно с Управлением аэропортами Индии. GAGAN будет использовать технологию Wide Area Augmentation System – Глобальная система дифференциальных поправок (WAAS) ((WAAS), использующую спутниковую систему, также называют Satellite Based Augmentation Systems или SBAS - Спутниковая вспомогательная система), разработанную компанией Raytheon для Федеральной авиационной службы США. WAAS является наземной и космической сетью, которая вырабатывает поправки для сигналов GPS, обеспечивая большую точность для всех видов транспорта, включая гражданскую авиацию.

Система GAGAN будет состоять из региональной сети приемных станций, точно настроенных для сопоставления положения, определяемого по спутниковым сигналам GPS и положения приемной станции. Наблюдаемые расхождения будут затем направляться на основной контрольный центр, на котором благодаря компьютерным расчетам будет осуществляться экстраполяция данных для расчета поправок к сигналам GPS в любой точке сети. Данные поправки будут передаваться с помощью геостационарных спутников на самолеты гражданской авиации, так чтобы их положение можно было определить более точно с помощью спутниковых сигналов GPS. ISRO запустит и будет управлять спутниками для передачи данных.

Система, подобная GAGAN, оказывается экономичной за счет того, что ее наземная система не требует дублирования для каждой взлетно-посадочной полосы, как например, ILS. Сигналы GPS, так же как и поправки, будут доступны самолету для любой ВПП в рамках сети, использующей спутниковую связь. Благодаря GAGAN будет обеспечиваться точность в 1.5. м на горизонтальной поверхности, и 2.5 м – по вертикали. Такую же точность обеспечивает система FAA. Тем не менее, для предотвращения возможных ошибок в позиционировании в гражданской авиации, для горизонтальной поверхности будет использоваться большая цифра, например, 15 м. Наряду с сигналами GPS система GAGAN будет также использовать сигналы GLONASS и предполагаемой навигационной спутниковой системы GALILEO.

В системе GAGAN будет использоваться полный комплект SBAS, включая наземный и бортовой компоненты. Она будет создаваться поэтапно. На первом этапе будет проводиться опытная эксплуатация. В течение 2 лет будут построены восемь приемных станций на территории всей страны. Одна из приемных станций будет размешена в Бангалоре вместе с основным контрольным центром. Бортовые аппараты включают в себя навигационное оборудование на борту индийского геостационарного спутника GSAT-8/INSAT-4G. Предполагается, что спутник будет запущен во второй половине 2010 г. с наклонением 55° восточной долготы. Одной из основных целей проекта GAGAN является изучение явлений в ионосфере в индийском регионе. Эта задача запланирована специально с учетом неопределенного характера ионосферы в регионе. Благодаря данному исследованию будет возможна оптимизация алгоритмов ионосферных поправок в регионе. Индия планирует использовать систему GAGAN изначально в 40 выбранных аэропортах, для чего в ближайшем будущем потребуются ресурсы CAT-1 или подобные ресурсы.

В настоящее время Европа, США/Канада, Япония, Австралия разрабатывают свои собственные SBAS, подобные GAGAN. Индонезийский Национальный институт авиации и космонавтики высказывал интерес к GAGAN.

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=1173.465

Цитировать

Цитировать

ЦитироватьRe: Indian launch schedule
« Reply #472 on: Today at 04:31 AM »   

The launch of GSLV D3 is scheduled on Jan-20 as of NOW*

*(There's a debate going on regarding the cryogenic engine. In case of any issues, the launch may be postponed by months and PSLV launches preponed...I am not privy to the discussion but looks like it is regarding  the material used in building cryo stage...on whether it can withstand the heat and vibration)

Please do note that in case GSLV gets stranded, It will occupy SLP making ISRO use only FLP unless ISRO decides to move the vehicle out.

There are problems with both the GSLV booster and the GSAT-4 spacecraft. The cryogenic engines are not developing enough thrust and there are problems with the electronics of 2 payloads. They are opening the spacecraft up so the final vibration will not happen until the end of Jan which puts the launch in late Feb, at the earliest. They may also have to remove one payload to get the weight down.

This is means that Cryo is not up to the mark. Moreover reduction of pay load means more weight cant be put up which is not a good sign at all. First of all we should concentrate on perfect working of Cryo even if we have to compromise on marginal weight.

http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article73734.ece

ЦитироватьGSLV, PSLV flights put off

The launch of the Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D3), scheduled for December 2009 from Sriharikota, has been postponed to March.

The GSLV-D3 will be powered by an indigenous cryogenic stage built for the first time by the Indian Space Research Organisation. It will put in orbit a communication satellite, GSAT-4, which is not ready either.

http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/21318.asp

ЦитироватьIndia goes beyond Russian Space technology help - now India is self sufficient in indigenously developed cryogenic engine
Smitha Pradhan
Jan. 17, 2010

ISRO is planning to undertake a space mission to take man to space and bring him back safe after conducting studies for a few days there.

ISRO is planning to test GSLV-D3 carrying the communication satellite GSAT-4 with a two tonne payload at Sriharikottah on January 24.

India is getting ready to launch Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) with indigenously developed cryogenic engine, said Dr K.Radhakrishnan, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chairman.

http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/18/stories/2010011854760300.htm

ЦитироватьIndia getting ready for GSLV launch

PATHANAMTHITTA: Indian Space Research Organisation Chairman K. Radhakrishnan has said that India is getting ready to launch a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) with indigenously developed cryogenic engine. Talking to reporters at the Sannidhanam during his 47th pilgrimage to the Ayyappa temple on Sunday, he said the ISRO was planning to test GSLV-D3 carrying the communication satellite GSAT-4 at Sriharikottah on January 24. – Staff Reporter

http://www.satprnews.com/

ЦитироватьJan 19, 2010, post by Artur Zlesik
India Soon To Become Self-Reliant In Cryogenic Propulsion Technology

India is getting ready to launch Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) with indigenously developed cryogenic engine, said Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chairman.

He said ISRO is planning to test GSLV-D3 carrying the communication satellite GSAT-4 with a two tonne payload at Sriharikottah on January 24.

Dr. Radhakrishnan said achieving self-reliance in cryogenic propulsion technology would boost India's image, besides taking it to the league of select countries having the technology. So far, India has been using Russian-made cryogenic engines in its launching vehicles.

He said ISRO was also planning to undertake a space mission to take man to space and bring him back safe after conducting studies for a few days there.

http://www.asianetindia.com/news/india-ready-gslv-launch-isro-chief_120453.html

http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article81647.ece

Цитировать(http://beta.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00023/TV18PTISRO1_23667f.jpg)
India is getting ready to launch Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) with indigenously developed cryogenic engine, said Dr. K. Radhakrishnan, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chairman.

Dr. Radhakrishnan was talking to reporters at Sabarimala Sannidhanam during his 47th pilgrimage to Lord Ayyappa Temple there on Sunday.

He said ISRO is planning to test GSLV-D3 carrying the communication satellite GSAT-4 with a two tonne payload at Sriharikottah on January 24.

Dr. Radhakrishnan said achieving self-reliance in cryogenic propulsion technology would boost India's image, besides taking it to the league of select countries having the technology. So far, India has been using Russian-made cryogenic engines in its launching vehicles.

He said ISRO was also planning to undertake a space mission to take man to space and bring him back safe after conducting studies for a few days there.

The ISRO chairman also said that the pilgrim facility at Sabarimala has been improved much in recent years.

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=1173.495

ЦитироватьRe: Indian launch schedule
« Reply #504 on: Today at 04:53 AM »   

Here's the important news...

GSLV MKIII solid booster....The S200 motor is scheduled to be tested  tomorrow around 06:30 AM IST(India Time) here at SDSC SHAR.

The Chairman was refering to this motor test ...He was indeed misquoted.

http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jan24_2010

ЦитироватьSuccessful static testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV Mk III Launch Vehicle

Indian Space Research Organisation successfully conducted the static test of its largest solid booster S200 at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota today (January 24, 2010). The successful test of S200 makes it the third largest solid booster in the world, next to the RSRM solid booster of Space Shuttle and P230 solid booster of ARIANE-5. The S200 solid booster will form the strap-on stage for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV-Mk III) which is currently under advanced stage of development for launching 4 ton class of communication satellites.

Цитировать

Цитировать2010
end January- GSLV Mk-2 (D3) GSat 4 (includes Tauvex-2 and Gagan (=GPS augmentation))

А про Tauvex-1 ничего нет? :D
Не обращайте внимание, это я язвлю :D после другого топика с докладами :D
 :(

Цитировать

Цитировать

Цитировать2010
end January- GSLV Mk-2 (D3) GSat 4 (includes Tauvex-2 and Gagan (=GPS augmentation))

А про Tauvex-1 ничего нет? :D
Не обращайте внимание, это я язвлю :D после другого топика с докладами :D
 :(

TAUVEX-1 должны были запустить на борту российского ИСЗ лет 15 назад.  :?

Цитировать

Цитировать

Цитировать

Цитировать2010
end January- GSLV Mk-2 (D3) GSat 4 (includes Tauvex-2 and Gagan (=GPS augmentation))

А про Tauvex-1 ничего нет? :D
Не обращайте внимание, это я язвлю :D после другого топика с докладами :D
 :(

TAUVEX-1 должны были запустить на борту российского ИСЗ лет 15 назад.  :?

на Спектр-РГ.
причём многие приборы научного комплекса иностранцы довели до лётного образца к концу 90-х, а всё остальное бесконечно претерпевало изменения. Дошло что ИКИ даже забрало под своё крыло многие системы с заменой подрядчиков, опять пытались что-то упростить и удешевить, но и это не спасло. было уже поздно. Могут возразить что платформы все равно не было. Но ухнули то в проект приличные средства. Как ещё всё новые и новые иностранцы со своими приборами с нами сотрудничают - непонятно. :D Интересно сравнить перечень научных приборов тогда и сейчас, просто из любопытства.

Цитировать

ЦитироватьTAUVEX-1 должны были запустить на борту российского ИСЗ лет 15 назад.  :?

на Спектр-РГ.
причём многие приборы научного комплекса иностранцы довели до лётного образца к концу 90-х,  

Самое досадное, что комплекс был практически готов и даже, говорят, прошел КДИ. Оставалось только летные машины сделать. Но тут подкрался дефолт :(

ЦитироватьИнтересно сравнить перечень научных приборов тогда и сейчас, просто из любопытства.

Да пожалста, 94-й год:

Отдельные телескопы и приборы:
JET-X
EUVITA
MART-LIME
MOXE
DIOGENE

Комплекс приборов телескопа СОДАРТ
HEPC-A,B
LEPC-A,B
FRD-A,B
SIXA
SXRP
TAUVEX

И еще SPIN, BUSS, Bragg Spectrometer

А в нынешнем только два телескопа
eROSITA и ART-XC

Только смысл сравнивать? От старого проекта СРГ осталось одно название  :)
(извините за оффтоп)

http://spaceresearch.ru/p2.html

Цитировать Проект СРГ 2002-2004 гг.

в этом проекте TAUVEX ещё присутствует.
и лишь позже:

ЦитироватьУльтрафиолетовый телескоп TAUVEX (Израиль). Израиль заключил соглашение с Индией по запуску ультрафиолетового телескопа TAUVEX на индийском спутнике и не планирует продолжать участие в российском проекте СРГ.

по ссылке подробно о метаморфозах

http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/nauka-v-ussr/2005/observ.html

Цитировать«СПЕКТР-РГ» в 2005 г.

В настоящее время проект «Спектр-РГ» почти ничем не напоминает первоначальный, конца 80-х годов. Из предыдущего состава научных приборов предлагается оставить только два узконаправленных телескопа — вышеупомянутый JET-X, ультрафиолетовый TAUVEX (Израиль) — и добавить широкоугольный рентгеновский монитор Lobster и детекторы М2 с узким полем зрения. Субспутник же ROSITA будет работать по самостоятельной программе.

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=1173.510

ЦитироватьGSLV flight in April

http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100308/main7.htm

ЦитироватьISRO puts off Israeli payload's launch
Shubhadeep Choudhury
Tribune News Service

Bangalore, March 7
In a blow to the Indian and Israeli researchers, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has decided to leave out TAUVEX (Tel Aviv University Ultra Violet Experiment), an Israeli payload, during the launch of its experimental communication satellite GSAT-4.

"We were very disappointed to learn that we were to be removed from the spacecraft. We have worked for this for a long time and were excited by the prospect of getting excellent science. We are now waiting for ISRO to tell us when the next launch opportunity will be", Jayant Murthy, professor at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics here and the Indian principal investigator of TAUVEX, told The Tribune in an email.

Responding to this reporter's query, Noah Brosch, Tel Aviv University's Wise Observatory director, who is the Israeli principal investigator of TAUVEX, said, "I have been made aware of the satellite problems, and knew that the panel on which TAUVEX was mounted had been taken off to allow work to proceed on some components (unrelated to TAUVEX) that needed replacing.

If GSAT-4 will launch without TAUVEX this would be very disappointing indeed. We went through a considerable amount of work and expense to fit TAUVEX to this satellite, and were looking forward to some excellent and unique science that only TAUVEX could have provided".

Brosch added that if GSAT-4 was launched without TAUVEX, he would "expect that ISRO would come back to me with an explanation".

An MoU for including the TAUVEX on GSAT-4 was signed on December 25, 2003, by G Madhavan Nair, the then ISRO chairman, and Aby Har-Even, director-general, Israel Space Agency (ISA) at ISRO headquarters here. The MoU followed the cooperative agreement signed between ISRO and ISA in October 2002.

Data from the telescope (TAUVEX) was supposed to help in solving astrophysical questions related to star formation, history of galaxies, physics of giant black holes, etc. It could also help in guiding other space telescopes towards selected interesting objects in the sky.

K Radhakrishnan, ISRO chairman, did not respond to an email sent by this reporter regarding leaving out of TAUVEX during the proposed launch of the GSAT-4 satellite.

S Satish, director, publicity and public relations, ISRO, claimed that no final decision had been taken with regard to dropping TAUVEX from the launch. "Our Indian payloads will come first", he said.

Knowledgeable sources said the ISRO wanted to keep the satellite light and this had prompted it to leave out TAUVEX from the launch. The issue, however, raises a question mark on the efficacy of the GSLV launcher, powered by the first indigenous cryogenic engine, which is slated to put the satellite in the orbit. GSAT-4 is slated for launch sometime this year.

Похоже проблемы с индийским движком зашли в глухой тупик. приходится уменьшать ПН. :(

Цитироватьhttp://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100308/main7.htm

ЦитироватьISRO puts off Israeli payload's launch
Shubhadeep Choudhury
Tribune News Service

Bangalore, March 7
In a blow to the Indian and Israeli researchers, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has decided to leave out TAUVEX (Tel Aviv University Ultra Violet Experiment), an Israeli payload, during the launch of its experimental communication satellite GSAT-4.

Вот это удар!  :cry:  :cry:

http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article321187.ece

ЦитироватьGSLV to be launched on April 15

For the first time GSLV will be powered by home-made cryogenice engine. PSLV will take off on May 5

India's GSLV rocket, powered by home-made cryogenic engine for the first time, would be launched on April 15 from Sriharikota to place into orbit GSAT-4 experimental satellite. Previous GSLV flights were fitted with Russian engines.

http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/10/stories/2010041068741900.htm

ЦитироватьGSLV-D3 ready for launch on April 15

T.S. Subramanian

India is flying its own cryogenic stage for the first time

(http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/10/images/2010041068741901.jpg)
HIGH HOPES:GSLV-D3 on the launch pad at Sriharikota on Friday.

CHENNAI: There is an air of expectancy at Sriharikota even as the Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D3) stands gleaming in off-white and grey on the beachside launch pad of the island. It was fitted together at the towering Vehicle Assembly Building and moved to the pad on April 7. The vehicle, 49 metres tall and weighing 419 tonnes, was married up with the satellite GSAT-4 earlier. When the vehicle lifts off at 4.27 p.m. on April 15, it will be a major riposte to the United States' technology denial tactics.

"Crucial mission"

"The vehicle has been assembled and is ready for the launch," Mission Director G. Ravindranath told journalists at the spaceport on Friday. He called it "a crucial mission because we are flying our own cryogenic stage for the first time in this flight." It was "the most reviewed vehicle" and the result of "our efforts of the last 19 years. We started in 1991 and we have reached this stage despite technology denials."

The entire flight from lift-off will last 1,022 seconds. Of this duration, the indigenous cryogenic engine alone will fire for 720 seconds. At the end of 1,022 seconds, the cryogenic engine will catapult the communication satellite GSAT-4 into the orbit at a velocity of 10.2 km a second. It will be a geo-synchronous transfer orbit (GTO) with a perigee of 170 km and an apogee of 36,000 km.

The cryogenic stage was built at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. Cryogenic engines are crucial for putting communication satellites weighing more than two tonnes into a GTO. Cryogenic technology involves the use of liquid oxygen at minus 183 degrees Celsius and liquid hydrogen at minus 253 degrees Celsius.

Mohammed Muslim, Project Director, Cryogenic Upper Stage Project (CUSP), said the cryogenic technology was the most complex one to be developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). "It has taken us 15 years to achieve this. It is normal time for any country and we are the sixth country to acquire this technology [after the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan and China]. This is a highly guarded technology." The ISRO had not taken chances with this mission and "the vehicle has been reviewed and checked point by point any number of times," he said.

The ISRO built the cryogenic engine from scratch after the U.S. pressured Russia in April 1992 and July 1993 into agreeing not to sell cryogenic technology to India. In January 1991, India and the erstwhile Soviet Union had reached an agreement, under which the Soviet space agency, Glavkosmos, would sell cryogenic stages and transfer the cryogenic technology to India.

Goes back on pact

Under U.S. pressure, Russia in July 1993 went back on its agreement to transfer the cryogenic technology. In lieu of the technology, it agreed to sell two additional cryogenic stages to India. The last five flights of the GSLV from Sriharikota were powered by the Russian cryogenic stages. A cryogenic stage includes the engine, propellant tanks, motor casing and wiring.

Mr. Ravindranath said it took the ISRO all these years to develop the cryogenic technology because it had to develop special materials.

(At very low temperatures of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, metals become brittle. The ISRO, therefore, had to develop new alloys, new welding techniques and new types of lubricants).

7-year mission life

Satellite Director M. Nageswara Rao said GSAT-4 would have a mission life of seven years. One of the payloads would help passenger aircraft land accurately despite poor visibility.

http://isro.org/news/pdf/GSLV-D3.pdf

ЦитироватьGSLV-D3 / GSAT-4 MISSION
 
Background  
 
GSLV-D3 is the third developmental mission of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle during which ISRO's indigenously developed Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) will be flight tested. In this flight, GSLV is scheduled to launch 2220 kg GSAT-4, an experimental advanced technology communication satellite that carries communication and navigation payloads, into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). GSLV, carrying the indigenous CUS, is designated as GSLV MkII.  Envisaged mainly as a technology demonstrator for advanced satellite communications, GSAT-4 will enable the testing of many future communication satellite technologies.  After reaching GTO, GSAT-4 will use its own propulsion system to reach its geostationary orbital home  and will be stationed at 82 deg East longitude there.
 
GSLV-D3 Mission
 
GSLV-D3 is the sixth flight of ISRO's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) as well as its third developmental flight. Major changes incorported in GSLV-D3 compared to its previous flight (GSLV-F04) include:

•  Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage
•  Advanced Telemetry System and Advanced Mission Computers
•  Larger Composite Payload Fairing  
 
GSLV-D3 is the maiden flight of GSLV in which the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) is used. In the past five flights of GSLV, Cryogenic Stages (CS) procured from Russia were used.  GSLV, with the Russian CS, was designated as GSLV MkI, whereas the present GSLV carrying the indigenous CUS is designated as GSLV MkII.  
 
GSLV was designed to inject 2 ton class of communication satellites to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Usually, geostationary satellites are first injected into the elliptical GTO by launch vehicles. Later, the satellites are taken to the circular Geostationary Orbit using their own propulsion system. Geostationary Orbit lies at a height of 36,000 km over the equator.
 
The 50 m tall GSLV, with a lift-off mass of 416 ton, is a three-stage vehicle with solid, liquid and cryogenic stages. The solid core motor of the first stage of GSLV is one of the largest rocket motors in the world and uses 138 tons of Hydroxyl Terminated Poly-Butadiene (HTPB) based propellant (fuel-oxidiser combination). The second stage (carrying 38.5 tons of   propellant ) as well as the four strap-on motors of the first stage
(each carrying 42 tons of propellant) use liquid propellant 'Vikas' engine burning UH25 and Nitrogen Tetroxide. The third stage of GSLV carrying 12.5 tons of propellants is a cryogenic stage that uses liquid Hydrogen as fuel and liquid Oxygen as oxidiser.  
 
GSLV employs S-band telemetry and C-band transponders for enabling vehicle performance monitoring, tracking, range safety/flight safety and Preliminary Orbit Determination (POD).  
 
The Composite Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Plastic Payload Fairing (PLF), which is 8.657 m long and 4 m in diameter, protects the satellite and the vehicle electronics during its ascent through the atmosphere. It is jettisoned when the vehicle has reached an altitude of about 115 km.  In the earlier flights of GSLV, a metallic PLF of 3.4 m diameter was used.
 
The Redundant Strap Down Inertial Navigation System (RESINS MkIV) / Inertial Guidance System (IGS), housed in the equipment bay of GLSV, guides the vehicle from lift-off to satellite injection. The digital auto-pilot and closed-loop guidance scheme ensure the required attitude manoeuvre and guided injection of the satellite to the specified orbit.

GSLV employs various separation systems such as Flexible Linear Shaped Charge (FLSC) for the first stage, pyro actuated collet release mechanism for the second stage and Merman band bolt cutter separation mechanism for the PLF.  Spacecraft separation is by spring thusters mounted at the separation interface.    
 
Besides having the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage for the first time, in another  major change, GSLV-D3 is carrying  Advanced Mission Computer (AMC) and Advanced Telemetry System (ATS) packages.    
 
GSLV-D3 will be launched from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.
 
Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage
 
GSLV-D3 flight is significant since the indigenously developed Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) is flight tested in this mission.  This is the first time GSLV is carrying the indigenous CUS as its third stage instead of the Russian supplied Cryogenic Stage (CS), which was carried during its earlier flights.

Cryogenic Stage is a rocket stage that is much more efficient and provides more thrust for every kilogram of propellant it burns compared to solid and earth-storable liquid propellant stages. Specific impulse (a measure of the efficiency) achievable with cryo fluids (liquid Hydrogen and liquid Oxygen) is of the order of 450 sec compared to 300 sec for earth storable and solid fuels, giving a substantial payload advantage; for an upper stage, with every one second increase in the specific impulse, the payload gain is of the order of 15 kg.  
 
However, cryogenic stage is technically a very complex system compared to solid or earth-storable liquid propellant stages due to the use of propellants at extremely low temperatures and the associated thermal and structural problems. Oxygen liquifies at -183 deg C and Hydrogen at -253 deg C.  The propellants, at these low temperatures, are to be  pumped using turbo pumps running at around 40,000 rpm. It also entails complex ground support systems like propellant storage and filling systems, cryo engine and stage test facilities, transportation and handling of the cryo fluids and related safety aspects.  
 
ISRO's Cryogenic Upper Stage Project (CUSP) envisaged the design and development of the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage to replace the stage procured from Russia and used in GSLV flights.  CUSP was intended to develop a cryogenic stage with regenerative cooled engine, producing a thrust of 69.5 kilo Newton (kN) in vacuum. As part of this effort, cryogenic engines were realised and tested earlier for a cumulative duration of 7760 sec. In the stage level hot test, apart from cryogenic engine, all other stage elements worked in unison as per flight standards.  
 
In December 2008, a major milestone was achieved with the flight acceptance hot test of the indigenous Cryogenic engine. This hot test was an importance step in acquiring a coveted status for the country among space faring nations which have successfully mastered this critical and most complex technology. With this, India came a step closer to becoming totally self reliant in all aspects of launch vehicle technology.
 
The indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) is powered by a regeneratively cooled cryogenic engine, which works on staged combustion cycle.  This main engine, and two smaller (cryogenic) steering engines together develop a nominal thrust of 73.55 kN in vacuum.   The main engine of CUS achieves a specific impulse of 452 seconds.  During the flight, CUS fires for a nominal duration of 720 seconds.  
 
Along with the main engine and the two steering engines, the other stage systems of CUS include insulated propellant tanks, booster pumps, inter-stage structures, fill and drain systems, pressurisation systems, gas bottles, command block, igniters, pyro valves and cold gas orientation and stabilisation system.  
 
Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) from the respective tanks are fed by individual booster pumps to the main turbo-pump, which rotates at 39,000 rpm to ensure a high flow rate of 16.6 kg/sec of propellants into the combustion chamber. The main turbine is driven by the hot gas produced in a pre-burner. Thrust control and mixture ratio control are achieved by two independent regulators. LOX and Gaseous Hydrogen (GH2) are ignited by pyrogen type igniters in the pre-burner as well as in the main and steering engines during initial stages.
 
Apart from the complexities in the fabrication of stage tanks, structures, engine and its subsystems and control components, CUS employs special materials like Aluminum, Titanium, Nickel and their alloys, bi-metallic materials and polyimides. Stringent quality control and elaborate safety measures have to be ensured during assembly and integration.
 
GSAT-4: The Satellite
 
GSAT-4 is the nineteenth geostationary satellite of India built by ISRO and fourth in the GSAT series. Its three GSAT predecessors were launched by GSLV during 2001, 2003 and 2004 respectively.  After its commissioning, GSAT-4 will join the group of India's eleven operational
geostationary satellites.
 
Some of the new Technologies being tested in GSAT-4 include:
 
•  Electric Propulsion System  
•  Bus Management Unit  
•  1553 Bus for Data Communication
•  Miniaturised Dynamically Tuned Gyros
•  36 AH Lithium Ion Battery  
•  70 V Bus for Ka band TWTAs
 
Besides, the Technology Experiments carried onboard GSAT-4 are:
 
On-board Structural Dynamics Experiment to monitor on-orbit structural dynamic behavior of the satellite during various phases of the mission corresponding to various flight/mission and satellite configurations
 
Velocity Measurement Package to measure the incremental velocity imparted to GSAT-4 during LAM firings and station keeping manoeuvres Thermal Control Coating Experiment to study the degradation characteristics of thermal control materials in space environment with time
 
The cuboid shaped GSAT-4 has a lift-off weight of 2220 kg of which propellants weigh 1155 kg and the dry mass of the satellite is 1063 kg. GSAT-4 structure is based on ISRO's standard I-2000 bus.  The two solar arrays (each with two panels) of GSAT-4 together generate about 2800 W of power.
 
GSAT-4 is the first geostationary satellite of ISRO to employ integrated Bus Management Unit (BMU) which combines the functions of Telemetry, Telecommand, Sensor Electronics and Control Electronics.  BMU acts as the brain of GSAT-4.  
 
Like its INSAT and GSAT predecessors, GSAT-4 has a conventional chemical propulsion system for orbit raising and station keeping manoeuvres.  Besides, GSAT-4 is the first ISRO satellite having Electric Propulsion Sytem (EPS) to perform North South Station Keeping.  The satellite will demonstrate the capabilities and advantages (very high Isp, meaning efficiency) of EPS employing state-of-the-art stationary plasma thrusters.  
 
 
GSAT-4 at a glance:
 
Structure      : I-2000
Overall Size (m)        :  2.4 X 1.6 X 1.5  
Liftoff mass  (kg)        :  2220  
Generated Power (W)   :  2760
Payload Power (W)       :  1785
Propulsion (Chemical)  : MMH as fuel and MON-3 as Oxidiser
Propulsion (Electric)     : Xenon based stationary plasma thrusters (four)
Mission Life          : > 7 years
Orbital Location         : 82 deg E longitude in GSO
 
 
GSAT-4 Payloads:
 
GSAT-4 carries communication as well as navigation payloads.  They are:
 
•  Ka - band bent pipe and regenerative transponder
•  GAGAN payload operating in C, L1 and L5 bands  
 
Of these, Ka-band Transponder operates on 30 GHz uplink and 20 GHz downlink. This payload provides 8 spot beams covering entire India. Spot beams allow frequency reuse through geographical separation.  The payload also comprises beacon transmitters in 30 GHz and 20 GHz to facilitate propagation studies. Ka band payload also has the facility of RF tracking and antenna pointing.    
 
New technologies incorporated in Ka-Band Payload include Multiple Spot Beams (eight) with Frequency Reuse, Double Frequency Conversion, Very
High Stability Local Oscillator and Onboard Base band Processing and Switching.
 
The advantages of using a regenerative transponder are many.  It allows the use of smaller ground terminals at the user end by incorporating efficient processing on-board the satellite.  Regenerative transponder also increases system flexibility by facilitating network interconnection on-
board satellite without the use of a hub, which in turn results in increased capacity, reduced errors and greater throughput.
 
Each of the 8 beams will have 8 narrow band channels of 64 Kbps and one wide band channel of 2048 Kbps.  Interconnectivity between  the narrow band channels within the same beam or with any of the other beams is possible.  
 
Similarly,  interconnectivity is possible with wide band channels between any of the beams or all beams can be used together in broadcast mode. Another objective of this payload is to develop advanced Digital Signal Processor based subsystems, implement various interface protocols and verify interconnectivity of terminals between multiple beams.  
 
The intended applications for Ka band include Wide band Multimedia Services, Mobile Information System, SPACE LAN, e-Commerce and High Bandwidth Internet.
 
The second payload carried by GSAT-4 is GAGAN, which is a navigational payload operating in C, L1 and L5 bands. Essentially, the GAGAN payload of GSAT-4 forms the space segment of GAGAN Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) developed by India.  GAGAN stands for GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation.  Through SBAS, the positional information from the GPS satellites is improved by a network of ground based receivers and the same is made available to any user through geostationary satellites.
 
GAGAN is a Wide Area Differential Global Positioning System (WADGPS) employing a geostationary satellite overlay system.  It was conceived to provide a position accuracy of better than 7.6 metre needed for the precision landing of civilian aircraft.  The GAGAN system consists of the Space Segment, the Ground Segment and the User Segment.  The GPS and Geostationary overlay system form the Space Segment while the Ground Segment comprises Indian Reference Stations (INRES), Indian Master Control Centre (INMCC) and Indian Land Uplink Stations (INLUS).  The User Segment consists of SBAS receivers capable of receiving GPS signals and corrections from the Geostationary satellite.    
 
In the GAGAN architecture, Data from INRES is transmitted to INMCC. This data is processed by INMCC and sent to INLUS. INLUS transmits the corrected GPS information and time synchronisation signal to a geostationary satellite. The satellite then transmits a GPS like signal on L-band  frequency.  Accuracy  of  the  order  of  3  meter  horizontal and 4 meter vertical is feasible in such a system.
 
Thus, GAGAN navigation payload of GSAT-4 receives the correction signals sent by Indian Land Uplink Stations in C-band and translates these into GPS L1 and L5 band signals and transmits these navigation signals.  These signals can be received by GPS SBAS receivers, thus enabling them to get a highly accurate and reliable navigational fix.
 
The Technology Demonstration Phase(TDS) of GAGAN was successfully completed in August 2007. As  part of the TDS, eight Indian  Reference Stations (INRES) were installed at eight Indian airports. They are linked to the Indian Master Control Centre (INMCC) located at Kundanhalli near Bangalore. In June 2009, the final operational phase (FOP) of  GAGAN was initiated.
 
Geostationary Satellites of India : Ushering in a Revolution
 
GSAT-4 is the nineteenth Indian geostationary satellite built by ISRO. In the past two and a half decades, India's geostationary satellites have revolutionised the country's telecommunications, TV broadcasting and Weather Monitoring sectors. More recently, ISRO's INSAT and GSAT series of satellites circling the Earth in the 36,000 km high geostationary orbit have brought in a revolution in India's healthcare and educational sectors.  Besides, they have been instrumental in taking the benefits of space technology directly to the doorsteps of rural India through Village Resource Centres (VRCs).  Today, geostationary satellites are an integral part  of  India's  national  infrastructure. The country has about 200 communication transponders in geostationary orbit that operate in S, C, Extended C and Ku bands.
 
INSAT system has become a major catalyst for the expansion of television coverage in India. Satellite television (DTH) now covers 100% area and 100% population. The terrestrial coverage is over 65 percent of the Indian  landmass  and  over  90  percent  of  the  population.  Around 30 million of TV Receive Only (TVRO) terminals were distributed and operational all over India by various DTH service providers.  
 
Similarly, a total of about 650 Earth stations and nearly 120,000 VSAT terminals are operating in INSAT telecommunications network providing 9600 two-way speech circuits. Besides, Mobile Communication Services are also offered by the INSAT system.
 
Two of India's geostationary satellites - INSAT-3A and KALPANA-1 - are also providing meteorlogical services by sending weather imagery and relaying meteorological data collected by automatic Data Collection Platforms established in various parts of the country. At the same time, the Search and Rescue Transponder onboard INSAT-3A has picked up many distress signals and thus has enabled the saving of many lives through timely search and rescue operations.
 
India has a dedicated geostationary communication satellite called EDUSAT for educational field.  Currently , about 52,000 classrooms from primary to university level as well as those in the non formal educational sector are in the EDUSAT network facilitating the extension of quality education to students in semi urban and rural areas.
 
Additionally,  India's geostationary satellites have facilitated the extension of quality healthcare services to rural India. Presently, 306 remote/rural/district/medical college hospitals and 16 Mobile Telemedicine units are connected to 60 specialty hospitals in the ISRO telemedicine network.
 
This apart, as per the relatively recent Village Resource Centre (VRC) initiative, India's geostationary satellites have been instrumental in taking the benefits of space technology directly to the Indian villages by providing the much needed connectivity.
 
In this context, coupled with the growing demand for geostationary communication transponders, the launch of GSAT-4, which is a technology demonstrator for advanced satellite communications, acquires added significance.

http://isro.org/gslv-d3/Imagegallery/launchvehicle.aspx#2

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62186.jpg)
First stage of GSLV-D3 .  

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62187.jpg)(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62188.jpg)
Hoisting of GSLV-D3 Second Stage. Second stage of GSLV-D3.

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62189.jpg)(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62190.jpg)
Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage being lifted at Vehicle Assembly Building. Staking of GSLV-D3 Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62191.jpg)
GSLV-D3 Payload fairing containing GSAT-4

(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62192.jpg)(https://img.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/62193.jpg)
GSLV-D3 being transported to second launch pad with the vehicle assembly building in the background. GSLV-D3 at the second
launch pad at SDSC SHAR Sriharikota - Ready for Launch

http://www.reuters.com/news/video/story?videoId=70629364
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nd8GwjWOsp4&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlTYKuuY0Nc&feature=player_embedded

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html

ЦитироватьApril 15     GSLV  •  GSAT 4
Launch time: 1057 GMT (6:57 a.m. EDT)
Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Center, Sriharikota, India

India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) will launch the GSAT 4 experimental communications satellite for the Indian Space Research Organization. Codenamed GSLV D3, the launch will be the first GSLV to use an indigenous third stage cryogenic engine. [April 14]

http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article397441.ece?homepage=true

ЦитироватьThe long road to cryogenic technology
N. Gopal Raj

The immediate challenge for ISRO in the GSLV launch is to demonstrate that it has indeed mastered the intricacies of cryogenic technology.

The forthcoming launch of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) will be a watershed for the Indian Space Research Organisation, marking the culmination of the quest for cryogenic technology that dates back to over 25 years and has seen many twists and turns.

Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at extremely low temperatures. The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produce large amounts of thrust. But oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 1830 Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 2530 Celsius. Building a rocket stage with an engine that runs on such propellants means overcoming engineering challenges.

The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket engines. The Centaur upper stage, with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963 and is still used on the Atlas V rocket. America's early mastery of the technology paved the way for the J-2 engine, which powered the upper stages of the immensely powerful Saturn V rocket that sent humans to the Moon.

Other spacefaring nations followed. The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977, the French HM-7 in 1979 and the Chinese YF-73 in 1984. The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in space, successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only in 1987.

ISRO recognised the importance of cryogenic technology fairly early. A rocket stage based on a cryogenic engine offered the simplest way of transforming the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), intended to carry one-tonne earth-viewing satellites, into the far more powerful GSLV that could put communications satellites into the orbit.

In December 1982, six months after the PSLV project was cleared, a Cryogenic Study Team was set up. A year later, it submitted a report recommending the development of a cryogenic engine that could generate about 10 tonnes of thrust. The 15-volume report went into every aspect of developing the engine and rocket stage indigenously.

Then, strangely, ISRO went through a long period of indecision, dithering on whether to buy the technology or develop it on its own. Acquiring the technology from abroad would greatly reduce the time that would otherwise be needed, it argued.

But the U.S., Japan and France would either not provide the technology or do so only at an exorbitant price. Finally in January 1991, a deal was signed with the Soviet company Glavkosmos to buy two cryogenic flight stages as well as the technology to make them in India.

The 11D56 cryogenic engine had been developed for one of the upper stages of the mammoth N1 rocket, the Soviet equivalent of Saturn V. But after four successive launch failures, the N1 project was scrapped and its engines were mothballed. Under the Indo-Soviet deal, ISRO would get a stage built around the 11D56 cryogenic engine that could produce 7.5 tonnes of thrust. The stage would carry 12 tonnes of propellant.

But the deal violated the Missile Technology Control Regime, which was intended to prevent the spread of missile-related technology, and fell foul of the U.S. laws meant to enforce its provisions. Despite warnings from within the organisation, ISRO opted to go ahead with the import. In May 1992, the U.S. imposed sanctions on ISRO and Glavkosmos. A year later, Russia, which inherited the contract after the break-up of the Soviet Union, backed out of the deal.

ISRO then had no option but to develop the technology on its own. The Cryogenic Upper Stage project was launched in April 1994. Its aim was to develop a cryogenic engine and stage closely modelled on the Russian design.

At the time, ISRO gave the impression that much of the technology had already been acquired and further development would be quick. A GSLV with an indigenous cryogenic engine would be ready to fly in about four years, Chairman U.R. Rao told The Hindu in July 1993. The space agency's engineers were privately saying then that a flightworthy cryogenic stage was 10 years away. Instead, it has taken 16 years.

The Russian design involves a complicated 'staged combustion cycle' to increase the engine efficiency. Hydrogen is partially burnt with a little oxygen in a gas generator. The hot gases drive a turbopump and are then injected at high pressure into the thrust chamber where the rest of oxygen is introduced and full combustion takes place. Before going to the gas generator, the incredibly chilly liquid hydrogen is used to cool the thrust chamber where temperatures rise to over 3,0000 Celsius when the engine is fired.

Reproducing the Russian design meant ISRO engineers also learning to deal with new materials and manufacturing methods. A process, known as vacuum brazing needed to make the engine's thrust chamber, for instance, took considerable time to master. Then there was the challenge posed by the powerful turbopump that rotates at a tremendous speed in order to send up to 18 kg of propellants every second into the thrust chamber. It must do so in the face of a sharp temperature gradient, with hot gases at over 5000 Celsius driving the turbine, which then spins the pumps for freezing-cold propellants.

Steps were also taken so that materials required for the engine and stage could be made within the country.

The Indian cryogenic engine is produced by Godrej and the Hyderabad-based MTAR Technologies working together as a consortium. Instead of ISRO first mastering the technology and transferring it to industry, the two companies were involved from the start and even the early prototypes were built by them. Failure on their part was not an option and the space agency had to make sure that these companies succeeded.

Finally, in February 2000, the first indigenous cryogenic engine began to be test-fired on the ground. According to one source, things went wrong in one test and an engine ended up badly damaged. However, by December 2003, three engines had been ground-tested for a cumulative duration of over an hour and half. One of those engines was fired continuously for more than 16 minutes, four minutes longer than it would operate in actual flight. More tests with the engine integrated into the full stage followed. The cryogenic engine that will fly in the forthcoming GSLV launch was tested on the ground for a little over three minutes in December 2008.

Meanwhile, the Russians had supplied ISRO with seven ready-to-fly stages. But their 11D56 cryogenic engine had not flown before and the Indians faced some unpleasant surprises.

The first was that the Russian-supplied stages turned out to be heavier than expected. In order to carry the extra load, it is learnt, the Russians increased the maximum thrust that the 11D56 engine was capable of — from 7.5 tonnes to a little over eight tonnes. The engine operates at the higher thrust for only part of the duration of its flight. The Indian engine too had to be tested and made to work at the higher thrust level. Moreover, the Indian stage is lighter than the Russian one.

When the GSLV was first launched in April 2001, the Russian cryogenic engine was found to be less efficient than predicted, based on a measure that rocket engineers call specific impulse. The increase in stage weight and decrease in efficiency together reduced the rocket's payload capacity significantly.

Where the GSLV with the cryogenic stage was intended to put 2.5 tonnes into the orbit, the rocket carried a satellite weighing just 1.5 tonnes in its first flight. With further optimisation of the Russian cryogenic stage and other parts of the rocket, the GSLV could successfully launch the 2,140-kg Insat-4CR in its fifth launch in 2007.

Sources told this correspondent that the last two stages supplied by the Russians carry an engine with a maximum thrust of over nine tonnes and are capable of accommodating an additional three tonnes of propellant. The GSLV with this stage would be capable of delivering a payload of 2.5 tonnes into the orbit. With further ground testing, the Indian engine too would be upgraded to a similar thrust level.

But the immediate challenge for ISRO and its engineers is to demonstrate in the GSLV launch that they have indeed mastered the intricacies of cryogenic technology.

(http://beta.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00104/01_GSAT_JPG_104228f.jpg)
All SET: The advanced communication satellite GSAT-4 undergoes tests at Sriharikota, in this April 13 photo. India's Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D3), which is powered by a totally indigenous cryogenic engine, will put the GSAT-4 into the orbit.

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/04/15/stories/2010041556400800.htm

ЦитироватьBandwidth to improve as GSat-4 heralds Ka band

ISRO's latest satellite to be launched today.

(http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/04/15/images/2010041556400801.jpg)

Ready for lift-off:The two portions of the payload fairing on either side of the communication satellite GSat-4 at Sriharikota prior to the satellite's launch on Thursday.

Madhumathi D.S.

Bangalore, April 14

The new Ka band that ISRO is heralding in the country on its latest satellite GSat-4 will improve the bandwidth for the Net user and also drive down the price noticeably.

But not immediately. The customer has to wait for three more years to feel the effect of its real operation, according to Mr K.R. Sridhara Murthi, Managing Director of ISRO's commercial arm, Antrix Corporation. GSat-4 is an experimental satellite with a multi-beam Ka-band transponder.

The Ku band has got crowded and it is believed that Ka, which can support higher data transmission by at least two or three fold, will be preferred for non-broadcasting applications.

The biggest advantages of Ka band are the higher bandwidth it offers, a 20-30-cm antenna that is almost half the diameter of the present Ku band dishes; and transmission over small areas at higher power. The C-band antenna was 2 metres wide.

On the flip side, Ka transmission is vulnerable to outages during rain. "One big issue with the Ka band for our country is attentuation or rain-fade, which is worse than with Ku band. Communication can be impaired during rain," Mr Murthi told Business Line. He was speaking ahead of the launch of the advanced communications satellite slated for Thursday evening from Sriharikota.

With Ka, the entire country can be covered much more efficiently in 20-50 spot beams instead of using one big beam. The same frequency can be re-used for different users without interference. "You can use this more amenably for Internet broadband services. It may not be preferred for DTH or broadcasting which needs very big beams," Mr Murthi said. The multiple beams have been tried out with another experimental service, the Edusat.

Potential users are VSAT operators, rural Internet connectivity where cables will not go; for video conferencing and certain user groups.

Ka services may cost more in the beginning because of new equipment that the service provider has to install. But as with Ku band equipment, over time and number of sales, it can get cheaper than Ku. The price of terminals is ruling at $200-$300, which should not be a big constraint for operators, Mr Murthi said.

GLOBAL TREND

By 2013, ISRO plans to have a fully operational Ka-band satellite, the GSat-14. "I'm sure Ka will click technologically. It is very much part of future technology. While you may enjoy new recipes, you also cherish the older ones. Ka, when it gets operational, will complement C and Ku bands that we have used so far."

Reports say the world is certainly moving towards Ka, and for new and lucrative applications. Of the 75-plus communications satellites going into service between now and 2014, some 30-35 will have Ka band transponders.

ISRO is building Hylas-1 with Ka transponders for UK operator Avanti. The other large Ka projects include Hylas-2, DirecTV, EutelSat Ka-Sat, Yahsat 1A and 1B; and ABS-2.

Meanwhile, Mr Murthi said, "We have to measure the extent of fading. With C and Ku bands, the quality of service was 99.9 per cent. We don't know yet how good this would be for DTH operations." In the West, impaired communication has been managed with some technical solutions, he said.

The Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, which developed the payload, is also understood to be working on solutions for the industry on how to beat the rain fade problem

http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article396898.ece

ЦитироватьThe 29-hour countdown for GSLV-D3 begins
T. S. Subramanian

The 29-hour countdown for the lift-off of India's Geo-synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D3) is proceeding satisfactorily for the launch to take place from Sriharikota on April 15 at 4.27 p.m. The countdown began at 11.27 a.m. on Wednesday, April 14. The GSLV-D3 will put an advanced communication satellite named GSAT-4 into orbit. The importance of the launch lies in that the vehicle is being powered by a totally indigenous cryogenic engine for the first time. "A successful flight will give India a coveted status among the space-faring nations in the world and total self-reliance in all areas of launch vehicle technology," said S. Satish, spokesman, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

The GSLV-D3 vehicle is 49 metres tall and weighs 419 tonnes. It is a three-stage rocket. The core first stage is powered by solid propellants. Around this core stage are four strap-on motors that are powered by liquid propellants. The second stage again uses liquid propellants. The third upper stage is propelled by the indigenously made cryogenic engine.

Filling of the second stage and the four strap-on booster motors with liquid propellants will be completed during the 29-hour countdown. "The filling of the cryogenic engine with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen will continue till almost the end of the countdown. This is to prevent loss of cryogenic fluids due to evaporation," said Mr. Satish. Certain mandatory checks of the vehicle and charging of the batteries in both the rocket and the satellite would be done during this countdown.

This mission was crucial for India because India, for the first time, was flying its own cryogenic stage in the rocket, the ISRO spokesman said. Only five other countries had developed this complex technology. They were the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan and China. Cryogenic technology was a must to put heavy communication satellites, weighing more than two tonnes, into elliptical geo-synchronous orbit of 170 km by 36,000 km.

The GSAT-4 weighs 2,220 kg. It carries communication and navigation payloads. They are Ka-band transponder and the GPS-Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation (GAGAN). The applications of Ka-band include wide-band multimedia services, e-commerce, high band-with internet, mobile information system etc. The GAGAN payload will help commercial aircraft to land accurately in runways during poor visibility.

(http://beta.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/00104/VBK-GSLV_D3_104150e.jpg)

http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sci-tech/countdown-on-for-rocket-launch-with-indian-cyro-engine-lead_100348156.html

ЦитироватьCountdown on for rocket launch with Indian cryo engine (Lead)
April 15th, 2010

ISRO Chennai, April 14 (IANS) The countdown to the launch of a 50-metre, tall, 416-tonne rocket with an Indian cryogenic engine to inject an advanced communication satellite in the geo-synchronous orbit has started at the Sriharikota spaceport in Andhra Pradesh, a space agency official said Wednesday.
"Filling of liquid propellants in the four strap-on motors (42 tonnes each) that will be hugging the rocket is set to begin soon. Fuel filling of the second stage (40 tonnes) got over recently," Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) director S.Satish told IANS from Sriharikota.

The countdown for the blast off for the Rs.330 crore mission (rocket Rs.180 crore, GSAT-4 satellite Rs.150 crore) started Wednesday morning at 11.27 a.m.

The propellant filling for the Indian designed cryogenic stage (12.5 tonne) will start five hours before the rocket launch and will get over minutes before the actual blast off.

The first stage with 138 tonnes solid fuel is all ready to be fired up.

"All activities are progressing smoothly without any hitch," he added.

The rocket is expected to blast off at 4.27 p.m. Thursday to deliver the 2.2-tonne GSAT-4 satellite into the geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).

The notable aspect of this launch is that the rocket will be powered by ISRO designed and built cryogenic engine (development cost around Rs.350 crore). If the cryogenic engine performs as expected, India will become the sixth country in the world to design and develop the cryogenic technology.

The two other unique features of the rocket are its larger composite payload fairing or heat shield and the advanced telemetry systems and mission computers.

After a gap of several decades, the Indian space agency has reverted to fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) heat shield for its rocket.

The GSLV-D3 rocket has a bigger heat shield - four metre diameter - as compared to the earlier rocket versions whose heat shield were of 3.4 metre diameter and were made of aluminium alloy metal.

"In order to reduce the rocket weight with a bigger heat shield, ISRO has decided to use a FRP heat shield. A bigger heat shield will provide more space for carrying a bigger payload," an ISRO official told IANS on the condition of anonymity.

According to him, a bigger equipment bay will not constrict ISRO's satellite building team in their ventures.

Heat shield made of FRP is not new to ISRO as it was used in its satellite launch vehicles (SLV) earlier.

However, the space agency changed to metallic heat shield when it designed its workhorse rocket polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV) and also in GSLV.

"The increase in heat shield size is made with future launches in mind. While the heat shield of SLV was just one metre diameter, here it is four metres. The challenge was to make the mould," the ISRO official said.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Countdown-begins-as-GSLV-D3-looks-skyward/articleshow/5806596.cms

ЦитироватьCountdown begins as GSLV-D3 looks skyward
Arun Ram, TNN, Apr 15, 2010, 04.04am IST

CHENNAI: The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSLV-D3, the first Indian rocket to be powered by a totally indigenous cryogenic engine, will blast off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota at 4.27pm on Thursday. The 416-tonne vehicle will carry GSAT-4, a 2,218-kg communication satellite, to be put in an orbit 36,000km from earth. The countdown for the launch began at 11.27am.

So far only the US, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan have developed cryogenic engines. The successful launch of GSLV-D3 will place India in the elite league of masters of cryogenics, the science of very low temperatures. The cryogenic engine gives higher thrust than conventional liquid and solid propellants to launch satellites weighing more than 4,000kg in geosynchronous orbit.

"All parameters of the vehicle are normal and we are proceeding with the pre-launch tests. So far the weather conditions are favourable. We are looking forward to a historic launch," M Nageswara Rao, project director of GSAT4 spacecraft, said.

The fueling of second stage that started on Wednesday will go on till 6am on Thursday, after which the vehicle will be powered. The cryogenic upper stage will be fueled only four hours before the launch. "We are repeatedly checking all systems and everything looks fine. Drifts of the gyroscope will now be corrected every hour till a few minutes before the launch. The rocket will be ignited 4.8 seconds before the lift-off," Rao said.

А это ссылки на возможную трансляцию:

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18858.msg574150#msg574150

ЦитироватьLook out for the live coverage on IBN, and NDTV

http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_live.php?id=LIVE_BG24x7&live=tv
http://ibnlive.in.com/

I will try to update the list closer to launch time....

edit: + http://timesnow.live.indiatimes.com/

http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_live.php?id=LIVE_BG24x7&live=tv

2 минуты до старта..

Пошла!

Пишут что
problems in GSLV

Водородник...

Телеметрия прекратилась. Пуск аварийный.

Орбитальной скорости не набрали. Всё на корм рыбам... :(

О всех, кого помню и люблю...
Говорите индийский был водородник?

ЦитироватьО всех, кого помню и люблю...
Говорите индийский был водородник?

а где-то тема уже была - аварийные пуски

ЦитироватьГоворите индийский был водородник?

Первый блин оказался комом... По трансляции все было путем до момента запуска водородника. Народ в ЦУПе аплодировал отделению каждой очередной ступени. После окончания работы второй (ее отвал вроде бы прошел штатно) все еще раз похлопали, а потом кривая на дисплее, которая отображает динамику набора высоты начала загибаться вниз...

Хотя есть один момент. Между второй и водородной третьей емнип решетчатая ферма? Т.е. деление "по горячему"? Значит не обязательно водородник виноват - могла и вторая не захотеть отваливаться.

Leroy, остаётся лишь грустно пошутить: Tauvex-у повезло, что его не взяли.

Интересно, полетит ли теперь PSLV в мае, как планировалось?

ЦитироватьИнтересно, полетит ли теперь PSLV в мае, как планировалось?

Почему нет?
Да, жаль GSLV. :cry:

Молниеносное расследование:

ЦитироватьOfficial cause of failure: 2 vernier engines providing stability to cryo stage didn't fire. Cryogenic engines were firing.

Эх... Ну ничего, индусы умеют учиться на своих ошибках.

А что там эти верньерные делали? Осадка топлива или управление по крену?

ЦитироватьLeroy, остаётся лишь грустно пошутить: Tauvex-у повезло, что его не взяли.

:?  :?  :?

ЦитироватьЭх... Ну ничего, индусы умеют учиться на своих ошибках.

Это да, но любое "учение" сдвигает сроки вправо :cry: С другой стороны, если вспомнить Бразилию... :roll:

ЦитироватьХотя есть один момент. Между второй и водородной третьей емнип решетчатая ферма? Т.е. деление "по горячему"? Значит не обязательно водородник виноват - могла и вторая не захотеть отваливаться.

Разделение там холодное, а ферма между водородным и кислородным баком  третьей ступени.

ЦитироватьА что там эти верньерные делали? Осадка топлива или управление по крену?

У индийского водородника, как и у КВД-1, УВТ осуществляется двумя рулевыми камерами с вытеснительной подачей в карданных подвесах.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vj2V_-Ywmdg&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uqad7QC-9Jk&feature=player_embedded

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18858.msg575257#msg575257

ЦитироватьRe: GSLV-D3 / GSAT-4 launch - April 15, 2010
« Reply #46 on: Today at 11:39 AM »
   
Next launch of GSLV with a Indian third stage will take place in one year.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8623198.stm

http://www.rian.ru/science/20100415/222642651.html

Цитировать15:35 15/04/2010

НЬЮ-ДЕЛИ, 15 апр - РИА Новости, Евгений Безека. Индийская ракета GSLV не смогла вывести спутник на орбиту из-за проблем с разгонным блоком, заявил глава Индийской организации космических исследований (ИСРО) Коппилил Радхакришнан.

Первая индийская ракета-носитель GSLV с криогенным разгонным блоком собственного производства стартовала с космодрома Шрихарикота в четверг днем. После выхода на высоту около 60 километров связь с ракетой оборвалась, сообщили журналистам специалисты центра управления полетами.

Ранее на этой индийской ракете применялся российский криогенный разгонный блок "12 КРБ" с кислородно-водородным топливом. На разработку собственного разгонного блока Индийская организация космических исследований (ИСРО) израсходовала почти 80 миллионов долларов.

"Ракета начала заваливаться и терять высоту, потому что два двигателя не стартовали", - сказал Радхакришнан. По его словам, после этого контроля над ракетой был потерян.

Глава ИСРО сказал, что, несмотря на неудачу, Индия осуществит следующий запуск ракеты с отечественным криогенным разгонным блоком в течение года. Причины неудачи запуска Радхакришнан пообещал обнародовать после анализа параметров полета.

Индия претендовала на то, чтобы стать шестой страной, овладевшей технологией создания криогенных разгонных блоков, необходимых для вывода тяжелых спутников на геостационарную орбиту. До последнего времени такие технологии использовали только США, Россия, Франция, Япония и Китай.

Ракета-носитель GSLV должна была вывести на орбиту спутник GSAT-4 массой 2,2 тонны на геосинхронную переходную орбиту. Этот космический аппарат должен был обеспечить потребности Индии в области телекоммуникаций, а также стать элементом создаваемой здесь навигационной системы ГАГАН.

Стоимость запуска оценивается в 75 миллионов долларов, из которых около 40 миллионов было израсходовано на строительство ракеты и 35 миллионов - на изготовление GSAT-4.

ИСРО недавно заявила о намерении выводить на орбиту ежегодно, начиная с текущего 2010-2011 финансового года (начался 1 апреля), по 10 спутников. В прошлом финансовом году Индия запустила в космос три спутника.

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1004/15gslv/
http://www.spacenews.com/launch/100415isro-cryogenic-engine-fails.html

ЦитироватьISRO's Cryogenic Engine Fails in Maiden Flight
By K.S. Jayaraman

    BANGALORE, India — India's space program suffered a major setback April 15 when the maiden flight of a satellite launcher outfitted with the nation's first home-built cryogenic upper stage veered off course, sending its payload — the experimental GSAT-4 communications satellite — into the sea.

    The Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) lifted off at 4:27 p.m. local time from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on India's southeastern coast and reached an altitude of 65 kilometers before plunging downward. Telemetry was lost about 8 minutes into the flight that was expected to last 20 minutes until payload separation.

    Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Chairman K. Radhakrishnan said in a televised statement that the first two stages performed well and that the rocket's cryogenic third stage also might have fired, but that the launch was done in by a failure of the upper stage's two vernier control motors to ignite. However, at a subsequent press conference, Radhakrishnan said it was not certain that the rocket's upper-stage engine fired during the ill-fated flight.

    "A detailed failure analysis will be carried out," Radhakrishnan said. "We will put all efforts to ensure that the next flight with the indigenous cryogenic engine takes place within a year."

    ISRO has spent 3.36 billion rupees ($76 million) over the last 17 years developing a domestic alternative to the Russian-built cryogenic upper stage used on the GSLV's five flights since 2001.

    ISRO began its program to develop and build its own cryogenic engine in 1993 after Russia — under pressure from Washington — refused to transfer the technology.

    The April 15 launch failure is likely to impact the proposed 2012 launch of the Chandrayaan-2 lunar orbiter mission and planned communication satellite launches.

    The cryogenic stage was built at ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. Nambi Narayanan, a former head of the center who was involved in the development of the cryogenic engine told Space News that the likely cause of failure is an explosion that can occur during a so-called hard start when a rich mixture of fuel and oxidizer is suddenly ignited in the vacuum of space. While the cryogenic engine had been extensively tested and reviewed by experts within and outside ISRO it was not tested in conditions simulating high altitude, he said.

    The GSAT-4 satellite that fell into the Indian Ocean carried a Ka-band transponder and a payload for a GPS-aided navigation system for civil aviation.

    The failed GSLV launch originally was intended to carry the Tel Aviv University Ultraviolet Explorer (TAUVEX) space telescope under a 2003 agreement between ISRO and the Israel Space Agency, but was subsequently manifested for a later GSLV flight.

    "With hindsight I am obviously relieved that it (TAUVEX) remained safely on the ground," Noah Brosch, principal investigator for the mission told Space News in an e-mail. "I have no idea when the alternative launch will happen; I understand that this is being discussed by the Indian Space Research Organization and by the Israel Space Agency. From my part, and on behalf of my scientist colleagues, I certainly hope that the launch will take place shortly so that the Indian and Israeli astronomical communities would benefit from the data gathered by TAUVEX."

    Brosch said that he and his TAUVEX colleagues watched the launch on their computers. "We prayed for a successful launch but instead saw the launch failure as it happened. We understand that such happenings are encountered by every nation that develops launchers and satellites in the early stages of a program and are to be expected."

http://www.deccanherald.com/content/64098/isro-rules-sabotage-gslv-launch.html

ЦитироватьDr Radhakrishnan told a packed news conference here late on Thursday evening that it was a stepping stone to success and that such failures were common when a 'very complex' technology like cryogenics– a rocket stage using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen at very low temperatures to provide more thrust- had to be mastered. "The vehicle was tumbling (on entering the third most critical cryogenic stage); it lost control, lost its altitude and finally splashed down into the sea," the ISRO Chief said. Only a detailed analysis of all the flight data by ISRO scientists including telemetry and tracking data will reveal "what exactly happened and how" and this would take two to three days, he stressed.

Though in his initial statement Dr Radhakrishnan had said that probably the two smaller cryogenic engines "would not have ignited", he later clarified that it was based on preliminary data. He made clear that the non-ignition of the main cryogenic engine "is yet to be confirmed" and that will have to await an in-depth analysis of the data.

Что там про 60 км и два двигателя? Не вторая ли ступень навернулась?

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18858.msg576640#msg576640

ЦитироватьRe: GSLV-D3 / GSAT-4 launch - April 15, 2010
« Reply #60 on: Today at 07:01 AM »   Reply with quote

A rough estimate suggests that GSLV-D3 reached a -4400 x 137 km x 19.4 deg orbit
and reentered over the Andaman Sea at around 95E 9N +/- a few deg

ЦитироватьЧто там про 60 км и два двигателя? Не вторая ли ступень навернулась?

Пока не до конца понятно: не запустилась вся ДУ третьей ступени или только рулевые двигатели.

Говорят, что не запустились рулевые; потом пошло кувыркалово.

ЦитироватьWe saw the vehicle was tumbling, indicating the controllability was lost, most probably [because] the two vernier engines, small cryo engines, would not have ignited and developed the necessary control force.

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1004/15gslv/

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18858.msg576689#msg576689

(http://s59.radikal.ru/i164/1004/d0/aef4904e7d19.jpg)

Salo, спасибо, но это увы ничего не объясняет - подобные параметры возможны как при незапуске всего ЖРД, так и при старте только основной камеры и последующем неуправляемом полёте. :(

При неуправляемом полёте скорость изменялась бы в любом случае.

Водородник не запустился, поскольку зажигание не отрабатывалось на вакуумном стенде:
http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece

ЦитироватьWhy didn't the cryogenic engine ignite?
T. S. Subramaniam

The non-ignition of the cryogenic engine on board the Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D3) led to the failure of the mission on Thursday (April 15), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has more or less concluded. "The cryogenic engine has not ignited, that is for sure. Why it has not ignited, the reasons have to be found out," said S. Satish, ISRO spokesman, on Friday.

All the telemetry data had come in by 1 p.m. on Friday and the ISRO top-brass was studying them line by line. The GSLV-D3 is a three-stage rocket and it was flying with an indigenous cryogenic engine for the first time.

A cryogenic engine uses liquid hydrogen at minus 253 degrees Celsius as fuel and liquid oxygen at minus 183 degrees as oxidiser. The vehicle lifted off as planned at 4.27 p.m. and its performance was normal up to the end of its second stage till 293 seconds from the lift-off. But the vehicle developed problems when the cryogenic upper stage should have ignited 304 seconds after the lift-off, and it fell into the sea.

An authoritative former ISRO official said: "It is very clear that the cryogenic engine did not ignite when you look at the curve [of the vehicle's trajectory], everything was normal up to the GS2 [second stage] shutdown. Then you can see clearly that there is no increment in the vehicle's velocity. The velocity is the same. It started losing its altitude also."

The ISRO rocket engineers are puzzled why the cryogenic engine did not fire at all. On April 9, they had repeatedly told reporters at Sriharikota that the GSLV-D3 was "the most reviewed vehicle" because it was flying an indigenous cryogenic engine for the first time.

A national panel consisting of former ISRO chairmen, specialists in cryogenic technology and academicians had reviewed the vehicle several times and signalled the go-ahead. But for these repeated reviews, the flight would have taken place in December 2009, they had said.

Besides, the indigenous cryogenic engine was tested on the ground cumulatively for 7,767 seconds, while it would fire for only 720 seconds in flight.

Post-flight, ISRO Chairman K. Radhakrishnan said the entire cryogenic stage, including its engine, passed the qualification test on November 15, 2007 when it fired for 720 seconds. "In the last three years, we have been working on the flight-engine," he said. But he pointed to one big difficulty — the ignition of the cryogenic engine taking place in the vacuum of space [which cannot be simulated on the ground].

S. Ramakrishnan, Director (Projects), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, also noted, "Ignition in vacuum of the cryogenic engine could be done only in flight."

ЦитироватьВодородник не запустился, поскольку зажигание не отрабатывалось на вакуумном стенде:
http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece

Ок, спасибо за информацию.
Однако, легкомысленно с их стороны... Могли бы испытания в России заказать, если уж свой стенд построить жаба задавила.

ЦитироватьПри неуправляемом полёте скорость изменялась бы в любом случае.

А вот с этим можно спорить, поскольку указанный в таблице параметр показывает приращение скорости в целевом направлении, т.е. для выхода на опорную.
А при неуправляемом полёте наверняка был бы разворот, и приращение именно в эту сторону могло быть нулевым или даже отрицательным. Как раз подобное произошло с довыведением ПГ в первом пуске "Энергии".
Так или иначе спорить по этому поводу особого смысла уже нет, раз официальный вердикт озвучен.

ЦитироватьBesides, the indigenous cryogenic engine was tested on the ground cumulatively for 7,767 seconds, while it would fire for only 720 seconds in flight.

Это очень мало, что-то. КБХА вон по РД-0146 уже больше 10000 с наработала, а до квалификации (испытаниях в составе блоков) еще несколько лет.

ЦитироватьBut he pointed to one big difficulty — the ignition of the cryogenic engine taking place in the vacuum of space [which cannot be simulated on the ground].

S. Ramakrishnan, Director (Projects), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, also noted, "Ignition in vacuum of the cryogenic engine could be done only in flight."

А здесь он чью задницу этим враньем прикрывает?

Цитировать

ЦитироватьВодородник не запустился, поскольку зажигание не отрабатывалось на вакуумном стенде:
http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article399411.ece

Ок, спасибо за информацию.
Однако, легкомысленно с их стороны... Могли бы испытания в России заказать, если уж свой стенд построить жаба задавила.

ЦитироватьПри неуправляемом полёте скорость изменялась бы в любом случае.

А вот с этим можно спорить, поскольку указанный в таблице параметр показывает приращение скорости в целевом направлении, т.е. для выхода на опорную.
А при неуправляемом полёте наверняка был бы разворот, и приращение именно в эту сторону могло быть нулевым или даже отрицательным. Как раз подобное произошло с довыведением ПГ в первом пуске "Энергии".
Так или иначе спорить по этому поводу особого смысла уже нет, раз официальный вердикт озвучен.

Чтобы скорость в целевом направлении не менялась , вектор тяги должен быть направлен строго перпендикулярно вектору скорости. Однако и при этом должна резко меняться высота и/или наклонение орбиты.
Представить, что ступень, при неработающих рулевиках, сначала случайным образом развернулась в такое положение, а затем по неведомой причине постоянно в нём находилась, я не могу. :wink:

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/GSLV-mission-Scientists-say-cryogenic-engine-had-ignited-/articleshow/5828347.cms

ЦитироватьGSLV mission: Scientists say cryogenic engine had ignited
18 Apr 2010, 1550 hrs IST,IANS
 

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: A team of Indian space scientists has established that the indigenously built cryogenic engine had ignited for a second during the failed GSLV mission Thursday.

"This took place for a second and then the fuel supply to power turbo got blocked. The (Indian Space Research Organisation) chairman and we knew this on Thursday but then we wanted to be doubly sure about it. And now this has been substantiated with the data. By all means this is a great achievement," said a senior scientist who did not wish to be identified.

Speaking to IANS, senior space scientists said they have with them records to prove that compression had taken place and the cryogenic engine had ignited.

The GSLV D3 blasted off with a GSAT 4 satellite around 5 p.m. Thursday from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh but then stopped emitting signals within minutes.

A high-level meeting began here Saturday to review the flight data of Thursday's failed rocket mission.

The meeting is taking place at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) here, a unit of the ISRO.

ISRO Chairman K. Radhakrishnan, who arrived here Saturday night, is leading the discussion.

"The two-day meeting has also decided to constitute a failure analysis committee, where complete reasons would be listed of the failure of the mission. Finer details of the probable causes of failure would be analysed thread-bare. This committee would be headed by our chairman and would have sittings here and in Bangalore and in a month the report would be ready," added the space scientist.

It was at ISRO's centre at Valiyamala, in the city suburbs, that the cryogenic project took shape from the design stage to the assembly stage.

http://beta.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/article402907.ece

ЦитироватьIndigenous cryogenic engine didn't fail to ignite: scientists
S. Anandan

Senior Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) scientists, who met at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram to examine the reasons for the failure of the GSLV-D3 mission with indigenous cryogenic upper stage, on Sunday ascertained that contrary to initial reports the cryogenic stage had doubtless ignited in the vacuum of the space.

After deliberating on the performance parameters of the cryogenic stage (the third stage) of the unsuccessful GSLV development flight last Thursday, they concluded that the mission failed after the fuel turbo pump that supplied fuel to the cryogenic engine had stopped working a second after ignition. ISRO Chairman K. Radhakrishnan chaired the two-day meeting.

"The data clearly shows that combustion [of the cryogenic engine fuel, liquid hydrogen at minus 253 degree Celsius, and the oxidiser, liquid oxygen at minus 183 degree Celsius] had indeed taken place. The rocket's acceleration had increased for a second before it drifted off the designated flight path. Indications are that the turbine that powered the fuel turbo pump had somehow failed. [The propellants are pumped using turbo pumps running around 4,000 rpm.] There could be various reasons for its failure," a senior ISRO scientist told The Hindu.

The ISRO will now constitute a 'Failure Analysis Committee' to close in on the exact reason for the failure. It will come out with its report by May end, following which the national experts' panel, constituted to review and give clearance to the GSLV-D3 mission, will examine the report. Dr. Radhakrishnan will brief Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on Tuesday on what had gone wrong with GSLV-D3.

http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18858.msg578478#msg578478

ЦитироватьRe: GSLV-D3 / GSAT-4 launch - April 15, 2010
« Reply #88 on: 04/19/2010 11:16 AM »

Цитироватьon 04/18/2010 08:11 PM

    Screenshot from televised video at T0+505s when telemetry link was lost (curves and scales have been colored for better readability)

    - Nominal altitude vs time in green
    - Nominal relative velocity vs time in magenta
    - Observed deviations in red
    GS2 IGN = second stage ignition
    CUS IGN = third stage ignition
    CUS OFF = third stage cut-off

(http://img684.imageshack.us/img684/9048/datam.jpg)

Using the data given in earlier post

[290.4   GS2
293   GS2
297   4.898
298   4.898
299   4.898
300   4.898
301   4.897
304.9   CUS
308   4.895
309   4.895
310   4.895
316   4.893
317   4.893
318   4.893
319   4.893
320   4.893
321   4.893
322   4.893
323   4.893
324   4.892
325   4.892
326   4.892
327   4.892
328   4.892
329   4.892
373   4.899
379   4.901
446.5   4.951
505   5.023]

I plotted the graph and added trendlines.

Velocity is continuously falling from 293 ( GS2 Shutoff/seperation ) to 329 seconds indicating that there is no force operating to increase the velocity ( Velocity falls from 4.898 to 4.892 ) .

After that the kinetic energy attained by previous ignitions is finished and the free fall starts increasing the freefall velocity to 4.892 to 4.899... from 329 to 373... onwards upto 5.203 at 505 seconds.

So.. even if the cryo ignited it did not impart any force towards increasing the velocity of the rocket.   

ЦитироватьI tend to agree. This is illustrated below when zooming in on the period around CUS IGN.

(http://img339.imageshack.us/img339/6107/gd3j.gif)

Cryogenic setback  (http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20100521271010100.htm)

http://www.mynews.in/News/GSLV_failure_analysis_report_expected_in_mid_June_N53120.html

ЦитироватьGSLV failure analysis report expected in mid June

New Delhi: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is expected to conclude the Failure Analysis and Review of the recent failure of indigenous cryogenic engine GSLV D-3 by mid June this year, the Rajya Sabha was informed today.

Replying to a question on the failed GSLV launch, Minister of State for Science and Technology Prithviraj Chavan said in a written reply that a preliminary analysis of flight data had been carried out and a two tier process for Failure Analysis and Review had been instituted.

He said next flight testing of indigenous cryogenic engine and a stage with a GSAT satellite was planned to be launched in a year's time. In the meantime, the country was planning to launch two GSAT satellites onboard the GSLV using the available Russian Cryogenic stage engine.

http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_geosynchronous-satellite-relaunch-with-indigenous-cryogenic-engine-in-one-yr-isro_1402900

ЦитироватьGeosynchronous Satellite relaunch with indigenous cryogenic engine in one yr: ISRO

PTI
Tuesday, June 29, 2010 17:12 IST

Kolkata: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to relaunch the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) with a home-grown cryogenic engine in a year's time after the failure in April this year.

"We have come across a few scenarios after detailed analysis of the failure. Now the immediate task is to test it on the ground and we look forward to relaunch it next year," ISRO chairman K Radhakrishnan told reporters on the sidelines of the 117 birth anniversary celebrations of Professor PC Mahalanobis at the Indian Statistical Institute here.

The five earlier versions of the GSLV had Russia-supplied cryogenic engines. India's cryogenic upper stage (CUS) engine was meant to replace the Russian engines.

The GSLV D-3, the satellite launch vehicle showcasing the country's indigenous cryogenic technology, trailed off its designated course and went out of control shortly after the lift-off on April 15.

The rocket, along with its two payloads -- satellites GSAT-4 and GAGAN -- crashed into the Bay of Bengal minutes after blastoff.

The failed mission caused loss of the GSLV-D3 rocket costing about Rs 180 crore and the satellites valued at Rs 150 crore.

The launch was the key to India's space programme as it would have made it the sixth nation to successfully deploy cryogenic technology, joining US, Russia, Japan, China and France.

Meanwhile, Radhakrishnan said Chandrayaan-II will be launched in 2013.

http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Jul09_2010

ЦитироватьJuly 09, 2010       PRINT THIS PAGE  
GSLV-D3 Failure Analysis Report

The third developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-D3) conducted on April 15, 2010 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota, primarily for the flight testing of indigenously developed Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS), could not accomplish the mission objectives. Consequently, ISRO had instituted a two-tier process to carry out an in-depth analysis of the flight performance, identify the causes of failure and recommend corrective measures.

The Failure Analysis Committee comprising multi-disciplinary experts completed the analysis and its findings were further reviewed by a National Group of Eminent Experts. These reviews have brought out that:

   1. Following a smooth countdown, the lift-off took place at 1627 hrs (IST) as planned. All four liquid strap-on stages (L40), solid core stage (S139), liquid second stage (GS2) functioned normally.

   2. The vehicle performance was normal up to the burn-out of GS-2, that is, 293 seconds from lift-off. Altitude, velocity, flight path angle and acceleration profile closely followed the pre-flight predictions. All onboard real time decision-based events were as expected and as per pre-flight simulations.

   3. The navigation, guidance and control systems using indigenous onboard computer Vikram 1601 as well as the advanced telemetry system functioned flawlessly. The composite payload fairing of 4 metre diameter inducted first time in this flight, also performed as expected. Performance of all other systems like engine gimbal control systems and stage auxiliary systems was normal.

   4. The initial conditions required for the start of the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) were attained as expected and the CUS start sequence got initiated as planned at 294.06 seconds from lift-off.

   5. Ignition of the CUS Main Engine and two Steering Engines have been confirmed as normal, as observed from the vehicle acceleration and different parameters of CUS measured during the flight. Vehicle acceleration was comparable with that of earlier GSLV flights up to 2.2 seconds from start of CUS. However, the thrust build up did not progress as expected due to non-availability of liquid hydrogen (LH2) supply to the thrust chamber of the Main Engine.

   6. The above failure is attributed to the anomalous stopping of Fuel Booster Turbo Pump (FBTP). The start-up of FBTP was normal. It reached a maximum speed of 34,800 rpm and continued to function as predicted after the start of CUS. However, the speed of FBTP started dipping after 0.9 seconds and it stopped within the next 0.6 seconds.

   7. Two plausible scenarios have been identified for the failure of FBTP, namely, (a) gripping at one of the seal location and seizure of rotor and (b) rupture of turbine casing caused probably due to excessive pressure rise and thermal stresses. A series of confirmatory ground tests are planned.

After incorporating necessary corrective measures, the flight testing of Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage on GSLV is targeted within a year.

In the meantime, the next two GSLVs would fly with the available Russian Cryogenic Stages.

http://www.spacenews.com/launch/100709-gslv-crash-turbo-pump-failure.html

ЦитироватьFri, 9 July, 2010
India Traces GSLV Crash to Turbo Pump Failure
By K.S. Jayaraman

      BANGALORE, India — A turbo pump malfunction is being blamed for the April 15 launch failure of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

    The rocket veered from its flight path nearly five minutes after liftoff and crashed into the Bay of Bengal along with a communications satellite.

    The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said July 9 that investigators traced the failure to a turbo pump malfunction that abruptly stopped the flow of liquid hydrogen fuel to the thrust chamber of the rocket's domestically built third stage just 2.2 seconds after its ignition. ISRO said in a statement that investigators do not know for sure why the turbo pump failed but suspect that excessive pressure built up and thermal stresses produced "gripping at one of the seal locations" that caused a rotor to seize and rupture the turbine casing. A series of ground tests are planned to confirm the scenario, ISRO said.

    The launch failure is a set back for India's plans to attain self-sufficiency in cryogenic propulsion development. ISRO spent 3.3 billion rupees ($70.5 million) to develop the engine.

    ISRO aims to flight test the upper-stage engine within a year "after incorporating necessary corrective measures," the statement said. The next two GSLVs, meanwhile, will use Russian cryogenic stages.

http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1007/09gslv/

ЦитироватьIndia blames April rocket mishap on third stage pump
BY STEPHEN CLARK
SPACEFLIGHT NOW
Posted: July 9, 2010

The doomed launch of India's most powerful rocket in April was brought down by a turbopump failure in the vehicle's homemade third stage engine, the Indian Space Research Organization announced Friday.
 
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, or GSLV, blasted off April 15 from India's east coast, but the $70.6 million test flight abruptly ended less than 5 minutes after launch.

The GSLV's indigenous third stage, flying for the first time, did not develop the required thrust due to a mishap in its liquid hydrogen turbopump, ISRO said in a statement.

ISRO said its engineers traced the problem to two potential causes.

The scenarios include "gripping at one of the seal location(s) and seizure of rotor and rupture of turbine casing caused probably due to excessive pressure rise and thermal stresses," the statement said.

Engineers say the third stage ignition sequence started as predicted 294 seconds after liftoff, and both the main engine and two steering thrusters worked as planned for approximately 2.2 seconds, based on acceleration data from the rocket.

"However, the thrust build up did not progress as expected due to non-availability of liquid hydrogen supply to the thrust chamber of the main engine," the ISRO report said.

The hydrogen turbopump also started up normally, reaching a peak of 34,800 rpm at nearly full power. But the pump speed started dipping after less than a second and stopped completely moments later, according to ISRO.

The third stage failure put the rocket in an uncontrolled spin and it crashed back into the atmosphere over the Indian Ocean.

Although the flight's primary objective was to test the new third stage, the GSLV was carrying an experimental communications and navigation satellite.

The ISRO press release said the rocket's new navigation and computer systems and the new composite payload shroud all worked as expected during the April launch.

India developed the new cryogenic third stage to replace a Russian engine used on the GSLV's five previous flights between 2001 and 2007.

The Russian stage was blamed for two minor glitches in 2001 and 2007 that stranded payloads in slightly different orbits than planned. A liquid-fueled strap-on booster triggered a dramatic explosion shortly after a launch in 2006.

Three other GSLV flights were completely successful.

Russia sold India seven engines in the 1990s, and two of the powerplants remain in ISRO's inventory.

ISRO said Friday the next two GSLV flights will use the older Russian third stage, while another launch of the Indian-built cryogenic engine should occur within a year.

http://www.infox.ru/science/universe/2010/07/09/Indiyskoy_rakyetye_n.phtml

ЦитироватьИндийской ракете не хватает российской ступени

текст: Иван Панин/Infox.ru

Трехступенчатая индийская ракета-носитель GSLV-D3 в апреле потерпела аварию из-за системы подачи топлива в криогенном разгонном блоке. Его впервые проверили в деле, заменив успешный российский аналог.

Индийская тяжелая ракета-носитель GSLV-D3 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) в апреле этого года не смогла вывести на орбиту спутник из-за системы подачи топлива в криогенном разгонном блоке. Об этом говорится в сообщении Индийской организации космических исследований.

GSLV-D3 запустили 15 апреля для проверки криогенного разгонного блока собственной разработки. Ракета-носитель ранее использовалась с российской ступенью «12КРБ», теперь же индийцы попробовали сделать GSLV целиком. На разработку разгонного блока ушло около $80 млн.

Предстартовая подготовка прошла по нормальному графику. Запуск состоялся по плану, 293 секунды все системы функционировали штатно. После завершения работы первой и второй ступени высота, скорость, направление полета соответствовали расчетным данным. Телеметрическая информация поступала на Землю в полном объеме.

Криогенный разгонный блок включился нормально, заработали его основной и два управляющих двигателя. Проблема с заключительной ступенью возникла через 294,06 с после старта. Основной двигатель перестал получать один из компонентов топлива (жидкий водород) в должном объеме. Проблема с подачей топлива объясняется неполадками в ответственном за это насосе.

В течение года состоится следующее летное испытание ракеты-носителя с новым криогенным разгонным блоком. До тех пор индийцы вернутся к предыдущей схеме GSLV — с третьей ступенью российской разработки. Индийско-российская ракета еще будет использована минимум дважды.

Вроде как 12КРБ у индусов больше не осталось, есть только 2 шт. доработанных блоков 15КРБ с форсированным до 9 т движком и заправкой на 15 т топлива.

ЦитироватьВроде как 12КРБ у индусов больше не осталось, есть только 2 шт. доработанных блоков 15КРБ с форсированным до 9 т движком и заправкой на 15 т топлива.

Все РБ, поставляемые в Индию, имеют индекс 12КРБ.

Но движок то форсированный, не так ли?

ЦитироватьНо движок то форсированный, не так ли?

Только официального обозначения 15КРБ нет.  :?  Вся документация идёт как 12КРБ.

Спасибо! :wink:

ЦитироватьНо движок то форсированный, не так ли?

КВД-1А

Цитировать

ЦитироватьНК №09 (332), 2010
   СРЕДСТВА ВЫВЕДЕНИЯ
Владимир Нестеров: «Ангара» должна стать самой современной ракетой России
Чёрный И. Объявлены результаты работы комиссии по аварии GSLV-G3

И какие?

http://www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=612257#612257

http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/23871

ЦитироватьMr S. Ramakrishnan, director, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, said that the centre had tested the fuel booster turbo pump — which had malfunctioned during the GSLV F-06 mission.

Миссию перепутали, но бустерный насос индийского водородника протестировали.

http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/21/stories/2011042157600900.htm

The failure of the turbo-pump in the indigenous cryogenic stage in the GSLV-D3, which led to the mission's failure in April 20, 2010, had been analysed, said S. Ramakrishnan, Director, Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), ISRO. A modified turbo-pump was successfully tested at the LPSC, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, on Tuesday.