Последний "Аполлон"

[ronatu]

Forty years ago, this month, two human explorers bounced and bounded across the surface of the Moon at a mountainous place called Taurus-Littrow. Clad in their snowman-like suits, they formed a stark contrast with the almost uniform greyness of the lunar terrain around them. At the time of writing, Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt are the last of our kind ever to leave their footprints on another world. In the first instalment of this Apollo 17 commemorative series of articles, published last weekend, it was seen how skills and experience were pivotal in bringing the final lunar landing mission to these two men...and it was also seen that, as with human life itself, fortune turns on a dime. Fortune turned in favour of Cernan and Schmitt—and their command module pilot, Ron Evans, too—but it turned against Dick Gordon, Vance Brand, and Joe Engle. For Engle, the blow was particularly harsh, as more than two years of training for a lunar landing came to nothing, because he wasn't a professional geologist.

The National Academy of Sciences had long pressured NASA to fly its only formally qualified geologist-astronaut, Schmitt, on a lunar landing mission, and the space agency eventually caved in. Yet flying Schmitt on Apollo 17 simply because he happened to be a geologist, and had contributed enormously to the programme, was not enough, and NASA senior managers would have fought the scientists and politicians tooth and nail if the man nicknamed "Dr. Rock" was not up to the task. Many questions were asked as to how useful Schmitt would really be—encased in a bulky suit, with only minutes available at each geological sampling stop to make judgements and observations—and the fact remained that going to the Moon was fraught with intense risk.

One day, early in 1972, Chris Kraft—the legendary flight director who had recently been appointed Director of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston—took Gene Cernan to one side.

"Geno," he began, "put away that fighter pilot's silk scarf and just bring your crew home alive. If you run into something you don't like out there and decide not to land, I'll back you one hundred percent."

Cernan felt quite differently. The very fact that Apollo 17 was to be the final mission of the programme made him even more bold, and he impressed on the journalists, the workers building and checking out their spacecraft, and the politicians that this was not the "end," but the "end of the beginning." However, as our generation knows, Apollo 17 was the end. For two years, NASA's workforce had been in decline and President Richard Nixon's budget cuts had made this immensely painful for those giants who had made possible the greatest achievement in human history. Although Cernan meant it with all sincerity, his words grew to become a popular joke: A cartoonist drew a pair of workers at the top of a scaffold, one holding a notice informing him that he had just been fired. The other man was on the telephone, saying "Can we get Gene Cernan up here to give Smith that 'it's not the end, it's the beginning' speech again?"

[ronatu]

By the evening of 6 December 1972, all was ready. The gigantic Saturn V gleamed under the floodlights as it was readied for its only night-time launch. Even today, it remains the largest and most powerful rocket ever brought to operational status. Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt proceeded through the ritual of a steak-and-eggs breakfast, after which they were helped into their bulky suits. At length, all three men were ensconced in their seats in the command module, which they had named "America." Launch was scheduled for 9:53 pm EST, at the start of a four-hour "window," and the countdown proceeded smoothly...until the first glitch reared its head. The automated launch sequencer on the ground failed to properly command the oxygen tank of the Saturn V's third stage to pressurise. The launch controllers issued the command manually, but the sequencer knew that it had not sent the command and refused to proceed.

Eventually, a work-around procedure was devised and the countdown clock resumed ticking a few minutes before midnight. Finally, at 12:33 am on 7 December, the Saturn took flight, stunning the assembled crowds and most of America's East Coast with a spectacle rivalling sunrise. "It's lighting up the sky," announced public affairs commentator Jack King with astonishment. "It's just like daylight here at the Kennedy Space Center!" From his left-hand couch, Cernan could clearly see the fiery glow reflecting off the clouds and the shuddering cabin seemed "painted" with a fearsome reddish hue. Ron Evans and Jack Schmitt, experiencing their first ride into space, were exultant.

Shortly after midday on the 11th, the command and service module America and lunar module Challenger parted company in orbit around the Moon, and Cernan and Schmitt steeled themselves for their Powered Descent to land at Taurus-Littrow. By this time, Cernan was an old hand at such matters, having flown down to just nine miles above the Moon on Apollo 10. "Thanks to the simulators back on Earth, with their computer-enhanced photos of the approach to the landing site," Cernan wrote in his autobiography, The Last Man on the Moon, "I knew this place better than I knew my own palm and there were no surprises as we zoomed toward the jagged highlands that separate the Sea of Tranquillity from the Sea of Serenity. I called out the passing landmarks that verified we were on track to the narrow entrance to the Valley of Taurus-Littrow."

Dropping closer now, both men's eyes remained on their instruments...until Cernan spotted something that he wanted Schmitt to take a look at. Halfway through the 12-minute burn of Challenger's descent engine, he told Schmitt to look at "something spectacular" outside his window. Expecting to see some unexpected jewel of lunar geology, Schmitt looked; but he couldn't see a thing, he said, except for the blue and white globe of Earth.

"That's what I'm telling you to look at!" chuckled Cernan.

[ronatu]

http://www.americaspace.org/?p=27878

[ronatu]

.....
During their time inside the lander, the astronauts stored their suits at the back of the tiny cabin. However, they were sodden with sweat and in order to dry them in time for the second EVA, Cernan and Schmitt attached the helmets and gloves and hooked up the oxygen hoses to circulate air through them. "That was like inflating a pair of big balloons," wrote Cernan, "and it seemed as if two more guys had just crawled into our lunar pup tent." Their massive backpacks, meanwhile, were hung on the walls. They had a quick dinner, then debriefed over the radio with Mission Control and, for a few moments, rolled a couple of the rock samples over in their hands. Cernan was amazed. These pieces of regolith had lain undisturbed for maybe three billion years and had been exposed to fearsome solar and cosmic radiation...yet they did not look totally different to samples he had seen on his geology trips on Earth.

By the time Cernan and Schmitt dozed off to sleep for their first night on an alien world, they had already been awake for the better part of 24 hours. Like previous crews, they strung their hammocks—Schmitt near the floor, Cernan above—and even without their pressurised suits it could hardly be described as comfortable. Initially, Cernan was too keyed-up to sleep; his mind raced with plans for tomorrow's excursion, which was to take them to the South Massif.

Every so often, he heard Schmitt breathing steadily, and sneezing occasionally in the midst of so much dust, but otherwise the lander and everything around it were eerily still and silent. There was no hushed breeze or patter of raindrops, Cernan wrote, or the slightest hint of anything else alive, save the two of them. He was physically and mentally exhausted, yet the irony of sleeping when they only had about 60 hours left on the surface seemed too much: at times, he lifted the window blind and gazed outside at the motionless flag and the Earth slowly rotating in its fixed position above the South Massif

[instml]

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2405.html

Apollo 17 Launch


The huge, 363-feet tall Apollo 17 (Spacecraft 114/Lunar Module 12/Saturn 512) space vehicle is launched from Pad A., Launch Complex 39, Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida, at 12:33 a.m. (EST), Dec. 7, 1972.

 Apollo 17, the final lunar landing mission in NASA's Apollo program, was the first nighttime liftoff of the Saturn V launch vehicle. Aboard the Apollo 17 spacecraft were astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, commander; astronaut Ronald E. Evans, command module pilot; and scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, lunar module pilot. Flame from the five F-1 engines of the Apollo/Saturn first (S-1C) stage illuminates the nighttime scene. A two-hour and 40-minute hold delayed the Apollo 17 launching.

Photo credit: NASA

[instml]

http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/apollo40/

[instml]

Apollo's Lunar Dust Data Being Restored
12.06.12


http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/moon-view.html

[SFN]

ПОСЛЕДНИЙ АПОЛОН - ЭПАС (Экспериментальный полёт «Аполлон» — «Союз») 1975 год)

[pkl]

Приближается грустная дата. 40 лет уже. Я иногда думаю, что тогда нынешняя цивилизация прошла пик своего развития.

[Луноход]

А мне кажется, что человечество (развитое) ещё чуть-чуть поднакачает мышцы (возможно для этого понадобится чуть больше времени, чем хотелось бы), и тогда его будет уже не остановить.

[pkl]

Возможно, это иллюзия, порождённая непрерывным прогрессом в течении последних 500 лет /особенно XIX и XX вв/. Но ведь перед ними было тысячелетнее Средневековье!

[SpaceR]

Луноход
Согласен.
Развитие - процесс в большинстве случаев неравномерный.

З.Ы. главное только не вляпаться в какую-нибудь долгоиграющую техногенную котострофу...

[Ну-и-ну]

Это наивная иллюзия, что цивилизация не откатывается. Такое бывало в истории сплошь и рядом. Чтобы прогресс продолжался, надо много над этим работать, халявы нет нифига.

[pkl]

Я только сейчас начинаю понимать, что любая техногенная катастрофа /да и многие природные/ - фигня по сравнению с катастрофой социальной.

[instml]

40 лет назад

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_2407.html

[Petrovich]

pkl пишет:
Приближается грустная дата. 40 лет уже. Я иногда думаю, что тогда нынешняя цивилизация прошла пик своего развития.  

Ну почему же .  Прогресс налицо 

[pkl]

Имеется в виду прогресс в производительности компьютеров? Но тогда летали на Луну, а сейчас только картинки рисуют на эту тему.

[Petrovich]

pkl пишет:
Имеется в виду прогресс в производительности компьютеров? Но тогда летали на Луну, а сейчас только картинки рисуют на эту тему.

Я вроде перед картинкой смайлик поставил 

[pkl]

И что он в данном контексте означает? Я что-то торможу

[Petrovich]

Да то что на картинке только линейный прогресс (и то незначительный) по КК , а рядом как бы в таком контексте изменился бы Форд за 40 лет 

[ronatu]

Last man on moon calls for return
 
"The moon is going to be an extraordinary resource for future generations as they go deeper into space and as they begin to settle the moon and eventually Mars," said Harrison "Jack" Schmitt, the Apollo 17 lunar module pilot.
Apollo 17, the final mission to send men to the moon, launched on Dec. 7, 1972, carrying Schmitt, command module pilot Ronald Evans and Commander Gene Cernan. Schmitt was the 12th and final man on the moon; Cernan was 11th and last to depart the planet's surface.
Schmitt visited the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, AL Tuesday evening to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 17 moon landing, Dec. 11, 1972.

......

"The main thing that's missing right now is leadership in Washington that will activate the interest of the national media and therefore the interest of the American people and the taxpayer, because eventually for these kinds of...space initiatives the American taxpayer has to be part of the picture...unless they understand and feel that the national political leadership is on the right track, well that's very difficult to see these types of programs go forward."

http://www.foxnews.com/science/2012/12/12/another-giant-step-last-man-on-moon-calls-for-return/

[Павел73]

13.12.2012          Американский астронавт предлагает создать новое космическое агентство
       
 Американский астронавт Харрисон Шмитт (Harrison Schmitt) считает, что США должны создать отдельное от NASA агентство, которое будет курировать отправку пилотируемых миссий на Луну, Марс, астероиды и в дальнейшем на прочие объекты в ближнем к Земле космосе, сообщают "Вести.ру".
 
 "Нам необходимо агентство, которое будет сфокусировано только на этой задаче и ничем иным", — заявил Шмитт на заседании Американского геофизического союза (AGU).
 
 Новое агентство, которому астронавт уже предложил название National Space Exploration Administration (Национальное управление по исследованию космоса), должно "оставаться молодым и создать структуру управления, которая не была бы такой иерархичной, чтобы идеи молодых доходили до верхушки очень быстро".
 
 По мнению опытного астронавта и учёного, первой целью подобных миссий должен стать наш спутник. "Мне кажется, вернувшись на Луну, мы ускорим подготовку проектов по отправке человека куда-либо ещё, и с точки зрения опыта, и с точки зрения ресурсов. Протестируем аппаратуру, навигационное и коммуникационное оборудование. Кроме того, Луна располагается всего лишь в трёх днях от Земли", — заявил Шмитт.
 
 К.И.

Хорошо бы, только вряд ли его кто-то услышит...

[pkl]

Petrovich пишет:
Да то что на картинке только линейный прогресс (и то незначительный) по КК , а рядом как бы в таком контексте изменился бы Форд за 40 лет  

Аааа... да ладно, если бы был хотя бы линейный прогресс. В конце-концов, пока не сделают мощный лазер или электромагнитную катапульту, так и будем летать на бадьях с сжиженными газами и углеводородами. Но ведь и его /прогресса/ нет! Новый карапь? Пусть сначала сделают, а мы посмотрим, как он будет летать.

[pkl]

Павел73 пишет:

13.12.2012                    Американский астронавт предлагает создать новое космическое агентство

Хорошо бы, только вряд ли его кто-то услышит...  

Возможно,  и надо бы развести исследование и использование космического пространства. Может, и пилотируемую программу имеет смысл выделить. Но не выродится ли это всё, в конечном итоге, в размножение околокосмической бюрократии. В любом случае, денег сколько выделили, столько и будет, как их не считай.

[ronatu]

On 19 December 1972, a final sonic boom above the south Pacific signalled the end of the Apollo programme, as a tiny space capsule burst back through the blue sky. On board were the last three astronauts to visit the moon on Apollo 17. Riding home with them was the precious negative of a photograph that would go on to become the most reproduced image in human history.
Frame number 22725 in magazine NN was a single shot of the whole Earth – later branded "the Blue Marble". Snapped 12 days earlier by astronaut-geologist Harrison Schmitt as the spacecraft accelerated away fr om the Earth, the picture was immediately captivating.
Journeying southwards, towards the moon, Schmitt had seen his home planet upside down, with the continent of Antarctica sprawling over the top. Below it the entire African land mass arced downwards towards the cradle of civilisation in the Middle East, with the edge of southern Europe right at the bottom. On a rare, relatively cloudless day, so many human histories, causes and stories were on show in one view.
Subsequently, this single image was embraced by everyone fr om NGOs working in the developing world to the environmental movements seeking to protect our planet. For 40 years it has been used to change minds, behaviours and political policies.
Just four years separated Blue Marble from another profound Apollo picture – Earthrise, captured by Bill Anders on Christmas Eve 1968. Anders's Apollo 8 portrait of our vibrant-blue planet, juxtaposed against the barren, brown-grey horizon of the moon, drew attention to Earth's apparent fragility.
Such images led one commentator to conclude that "on the way to the moon we'd discovered the Earth". They prompted many into thinking differently about our home planet. One such person was Stewart Brand, who self-published his ecologically themed Whole Earth Catalogue the same year, with a colour image of the entire Earth seen from space on the cover.
Brand's vision was for his new quarterly magazine to create a "self-sustaining, critical information service", and he soon nurtured it into a forum for the exchange of ideas suggested by the readers themselves. The Whole Earth Catalogue ran into the mid-80s, when Brand's concept for a "self-sustaining, critical information service" would find a new platform in Usenet newsgroups on the internet, and eventually on the world wide web.
American poet Archibald MacLeish, also influenced by these visions of the whole Earth from space, penned an essay in the New York Times, as Apollo 8 was heading home in December 1968, pointing out the eternal loveliness of such pictures of Earth from space. For MacLeish these images suddenly revealed us all as "brothers who know now they are truly brothers... riders on the Earth together".
Bill Anders's 1968 Earthrise image also captured the attention of peace activist John McConnell, who printed it on flags and handed them out in Central Park, New York, the following summer as Apollo 11 became the first mission to land on the moon. His actions would later lead to the founding of Earth Day – an annual celebration of awareness and appreciation of Earth's natural environment that is still held today in more than 175 countries. Shortly afterwards Friends of the Earth was formed by David Brower and other campaigners who felt that if there was one thing the Earth needed it was friends.
            The 'blue marble' photo of the Earth taken from Apollo 17. Photograph: Harrison Schmitt/Nasa
Around this time the Lindisfarne Association invited Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickart to their annual conference, to speak to them about his Earth orbital flight. Schweickart just stood up and spoke from the heart, recounting the story of his space walk, when he had nothing to do but look down on the Earth from 160 miles above it for five precious minutes after a camera jammed.
Schweickart's mind-expanding view and the epiphany that it triggered led him to vividly appreciate the insanity of humans fighting over borders that were invisible to him from up there. "Hundreds of people in the Middle East killing each other over some imaginary line that you're not even aware of, that you can't see," he recounted. "And from wh ere you see it, the thing is a whole, and it's so beautiful," he remembered of his view of Earth. "You wish you could take one in each hand, one from each side in the various conflicts, and say, 'Look. Look at it from this perspective. Look at that. What's important?'"
Schweickart's speech, later turned into an essay entitled "No Frames, No Boundaries", was embraced by those at the conference, including Carl Sagan, who borrowed from it to pen his uplifting poem , published in his 1994 book of the same name.
The sentiment of Schweickart's sermon was eventually taken as the founding principle of his Association of Space Explorers. The ASE was established in 1985 and today numbers 375 astronauts from 35 nations, who work to foster environmental awareness and planetary stewardship.
Forty years after Apollo, the ASE still has its work cut out. Today, thanks to the human impact on the environment over the past four decades, many of these national borders that the early astronauts struggled to resolve are now clearly visible from space.
And the "brothers" that Archibald MacLeish saw in those whole-Earth images are still killing each other around the world. The messages of peace and better environmental stewardship from those space flights of the 1960s and 70s sometimes feel forgotten.
But, thanks to another gift of Apollo, human unity is stronger now than it's ever been. The technological boost that the space race provided has changed the course of human history in far more profound ways than anyone could have predicted.
In 1961, when a new president, just a few months into his term in the White House, challenged America to "land a man on the moon and return him safely to the Earth", no one in America knew how to make it happen. But that wasn't going to stop them rising to Kennedy's dare.
The young minds (the average age of Apollo 11's mission control team was 28) who were put to work on Apollo were all recent graduates who had benefited from former president Eisenhower's National Defence Education Act, a massive capital investment in the US education system, started in the late 50s in response to Sputnik.
As progress in human space flight accelerated through the 60s, PhD intake at American universities, particularly in the field of physics, increased almost threefold. Apollo was making America cleverer.
Nasa knew that its entire moonshot challenge would rely on one thing above all others – navigation. So, within weeks of Kennedy's speech to Congress, they had appointed some of these bright new PhDs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to work out how to make a soft landing on a moving target hurtling through space a quarter of a million miles from Earth.
The prototype inertial guidance system they came up with could not be relied on completely and would need to be manually realigned during the flight. To assist the astronauts in this task, and to help them control the fly-by-wire systems in their new Apollo spacecraft, a small, lightweight computer was proposed by MIT. In the early 60s computers still tended to take up entire rooms. If the boffins in Boston were going to miniaturise it enough to pack it into a modestly sized craft, they'd need some new technology, and they turned to an emerging invention called the integrated circuit. Fairchild Semiconductor was one of the few companies experimenting with these new micro-electronic components at the time; keen to help them perfect the performance of these novel miniature circuits, Nasa ordered one million of them.
The agency really needed only a few hundred for its Apollo programme, but, aware that they would be betting the lives of their astronauts on them, they were keen to make sure the manufacturers could make them has reliable as possible.
Such a financial kickstart to a fledgling industry, coupled with the third great gift of Apollo – inspiration – would prove to be a powerful driver for social change in the decades that followed. In 1969 two employees from Fairchild would go on to found a new company called Intel.
Those graduating across the world in the 70s and 80s had watched Apollo's engineers dream the impossible and then build it. As an act of human ingenuity, Apollo made them giddy, intoxicated on admiration and inspiration.
As William Bainbridge put it, in his book The Spaceflight Revolution, Apollo was "a grand attempt to reach beyond the world of mundane life and transcend the ordinary lim its of human existence through accomplishment of the miraculous – a story of engineers who tried to reach the heavens".
And the generation that followed them took this philosophy and ran with it, harnessing the new Apollo-driven technologies of micro-electronics to wire up the modern world and reinvent society.
Canadian-born space entrepreneur Bob Richards points out: "It was a great example of what can happen when human beings come focused on a big, bold goal and inspire not only themselves but the generation that comes after them." Richards, who describes himself as "an orphan of Apollo", was one of that new generation, founding the global movement Students for the Exploration and Development of Space, or Seds, in 1980. Caught up in the wonder of it all, Jeff Bezos served for a year as president of this student group. He would eventually go on to change the world in his own Apollo-inspired way, creating the giant e-commerce website Amazon.
Bezos is not alone. Many hi-tech entrepreneurs who have built the new tools of the internet and the computing and communications infrastructure that underpins it also cite Apollo as their inspiration.
Prof Sir Martin Sweeting founded the world-renowned small satellite company SSTL, which revolutionised the industry. "Apollo started me on this whole pathway of getting involved in space," says Sweeting. "The idea of being able to participate in something as exciting as a lunar landing, it stimulated an ambition, the dream of building my own satellite with my friends." The idea of a private individual launching a satellite was considered pretty crazy at the time, he points out. "After building the first one, I had a lot of advice to go out and get a proper job. I'm sure that without Apollo I would have followed a more conventional career."
In the hands of people like Sweeting, the new micro-electronics technologies made affordable by Apollo led to the pocket calculators of the 70s, the simple home computers and the burgeoning internet of the 80s, the emerging world wide web of the 90s, and the video streams and social networks of the 21st century.
Former Nasa flight director Glynn Lunney witnessed this technological trickle-down straight from Apollo to the rest of us. "Apollo really did drive our industry. We were asking people to do things that were probably 10 or 20 years faster than they otherwise would have done. And they knew it. They stepped up to it and succeeded. Today's cell phones, wireless equipment, iPads and so on are a result of the fact that the country did this hi-tech thing and created this large portfolio of available technologies."
Today's population, over half of whom weren't born when Apollo 17 returned from the moon, use these inventions to connect and communicate with each other freely and without a thought for geographical and cultural differences.
Thanks to this final legacy of the lunar landings, the Earth of today has at last become that borderless world the astronauts looked back on during those heady days of the space race. The gifts of Apollo continue to ripple down the decades, and they still have the power to unite and inspire us.
Dr Christopher Riley is visiting professor of science and media at the University of Lincoln. His documentary, For All Mankind, airs on BBC Radio 4 at 9pm on 19 December, and his biopic of Neil Armstrong is on BBC2 television at 9pm on 30 December

[Павел73]

Ну вот видите, сколько пользы от пилотируемой космонавтики!    

[Lanista]

Мне кажется что нынешнее ковыряние с микроэлектроникой и прочей нанобайдой всё-таки может привести к прорыву в материаловедении, что в итоге и даст нам АКСы и прочие многоразовые ступени с приемлемой надежностью и без необходимости полного перебора и дефектоскопии после каждого полета.

[pkl]

Микроэлектроникой? Нано? Скорее, это даст кучу дюже умных и автономных зондов, которым для существования подпитка с Земли уже будет не нужна.

[SFN]

ХВ пишет:

Старый пишет:
А почему в рекорды не включены стыковки после старта с Луны?    

Действительно, кто рекордсмен по скорости стыковки с Луны?

И в самом деле кто?

[SFN]

http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11_MissionReport.pdf
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a12/A12_MissionReport.pdf
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/A14_MissionReport.pdf
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/A15_MissionReport.pdf
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a16/A16_MissionReport.pdf
http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/A17_MissionReport.pdf

[ronatu]

SFN пишет:

ХВ пишет:

Старый пишет:
А почему в рекорды не включены стыковки после старта с Луны?

Действительно, кто рекордсмен по скорости стыковки с Луны?

И в самом деле кто?

помню что у них было 30 минут на все...

[ronatu]

http://www.braeunig.us/apollo/LM-ascent.htm

[SFN]

A-11
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 124:22:00.79
CSM/LM docked.   128:03:00    
итого от зажигания до стыковки А-11 3:40:59.21
 чтото значительно больше 30 минут...

[SFN]

A-12
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 142:03:47.78
CSM/LM docked. 145:36:20.2
итого от зажигания до стыковки А-12 3:32:32.42

A-14
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 141:45:40
CSM/LM docked. 143:32:50.5
итого от зажигания до стыковки А-14 1:47:10.5

A-15
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 171:37:23.2
CSM/LM docked. 173:36:25.5
итого от зажигания до стыковки А-15 1:59:02.3

A-16
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 175:31:47.9
CSM/LM docked. 177:41:18
итого от зажигания до стыковки А-16 2:09:30.2

[ronatu]

SFN пишет:
A-11
LM lunar liftoff ignition (LM APS). 124:22:00.79
CSM/LM docked.   128:03:00    
итого от зажигания до стыковки А-11 3:40:59.21
 чтото значительно больше 30 минут...

Старею... В таблице которую я привел для А17 от старта до стыковки около 2 часа 30 минут...

[Dave Bowman]

ronatu пишет:

Forty years ago, this month, two human explorers bounced and bounded across the surface of the Moon at a mountainous place called Taurus-Littrow. Clad in their snowman-like suits, they formed a stark contrast with the almost uniform greyness of the lunar terrain around them. At the time of writing, Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt are the last of our kind ever to leave their footprints on another world. In the first instalment of this Apollo 17 commemorative series of articles, published last weekend, it was seen how skills and experience were pivotal in bringing the final lunar landing mission to these two men...and it was also seen that, as with human life itself, fortune turns on a dime. Fortune turned in favour of Cernan and Schmitt—and their command module pilot, Ron Evans, too—but it turned against Dick Gordon, Vance Brand, and Joe Engle. For Engle, the blow was particularly harsh, as more than two years of training for a lunar landing came to nothing, because he wasn't a professional geologist.

The National Academy of Sciences had long pressured NASA to fly its only formally qualified geologist-astronaut, Schmitt, on a lunar landing mission, and the space agency eventually caved in. Yet flying Schmitt on Apollo 17 simply because he happened to be a geologist, and had contributed enormously to the programme, was not enough, and NASA senior managers would have fought the scientists and politicians tooth and nail if the man nicknamed "Dr. Rock" was not up to the task. Many questions were asked as to how useful Schmitt would really be—encased in a bulky suit, with only minutes available at each geological sampling stop to make judgements and observations—and the fact remained that going to the Moon was fraught with intense risk.

One day, early in 1972, Chris Kraft—the legendary flight director who had recently been appointed Director of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston—took Gene Cernan to one side.

"Geno," he began, "put away that fighter pilot's silk scarf and just bring your crew home alive . If you run into something you don't like out there and decide not to land, I'll back you one hundred percent."

Cernan felt quite differently. The very fact that Apollo 17 was to be the final mission of the programme made him even more bold, and he impressed on the journalists, the workers building and checking out their spacecraft, and the politicians that this was not the "end," but the "end of the beginning." However, as our generation knows, Apollo 17 was the end. For two years, NASA's workforce had been in decline and President Richard Nixon's budget cuts had made this immensely painful for those giants who had made possible the greatest achievement in human history. Although Cernan meant it with all sincerity, his words grew to become a popular joke: A cartoonist drew a pair of workers at the top of a scaffold, one holding a notice informing him that he had just been fired. The other man was on the telephone, saying "Can we get Gene Cernan up here to give Smith that 'it's not the end, it's the beginning' speech again?"

Вопрос - а можно тут на иврите писать?

[Dave Bowman]

Como todos sabem, a nave americana pousou na Lua em 20 de Julho de 1969. Mas será que pousou mesmo? Há quem diga que tudo não passou de encenação, que tudo foi filmado em um estúdio de TV e dirigido por Stanley Kubrick, que também dirigiu o filme "2001: Uma Odisseia no Espaço". Há quem complete essa teoria dizendo que a nave Apollo 11 pousou não em nosso satélite, mas sim no Polo Sul, e daí os astronautas Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin e Michael Collins foram levados secretamente para o lugar onde a filmagem seria realizada.
Mas baseado em que essa teoria se apoia? Quais são as provas que podem alegar que a viagem de Neil Armstrong foi uma grande farsa? Como, por exemplo, pode uma bandeira tremular no espaço? Ou então como pode o céu lunar ser completamente escuro, só tendo a Terra e o Sol como astros? As interpretações são feitas a partir de fotos do próprio site da NASA.
Antes de mostrar as fotos, comprovando algumas "irrealidades", falemos um pouco do satélite que orbita a Terra: a Lua é um corpo celeste que possui um quarto do tamanho de nosso planeta e ainda um sexto de nossa gravidade, além de não possuir uma atmosfera própria.
Na foto seguinte, reparem que não há estrelas no céu, e nem outro corpo celeste além da Terra e do Sol. Como não existe atmosfera na Lua, as estrelas devem ser visíveis, mesmo com a interferência do Sol (basta olhar no lado oposto a ele).

Nesta daqui, veremos que a bandeira dos EUA está balançando. Novamente, como não há atmosfera alguma na Lua, não há possibilidade para vento, portanto não há motivo para o balançar da bandeira, mas, segundo a NASA, seu movimento é resultado da força aplicada pelo astronauta, como no espaço não há atrito por causa da resistência do ar, é possível que a bandeira tenha balançado por mais tempo.

Nesta outra foto, repare que as sombras não são paralelas. Se isso ocorresse na superfície terrestre, tudo bem, mas no espaço os raios luminosos são paralelos, o que deveria resultar em sombras de igual característica, já que o sol é uma estrela que pode ser considerada como estando no infinito.

Já nesta outra foto, repare que o astronauta é visível mesmo estando atrás da capsula. Como no espaço só há uma fonte de luz (o Sol), esse efeito só pode ter sido obtido por uma segunda fonte luminosa, como flash e refletores.

Essas são algumas das imagens que nos causam dúvidas. Após o Apollo 11, houve mais seis expedições para a Lua, cessando-as em 1972, com o Apollo 17. Mas porque não foram feitas mais visitas à Lua? Será que não há mais nada para ser explorado nela? Será que nesses últimos 40 anos nada pode ter aterrissado nela? Ou será que o ser humano nunca pousou na Lua, que tudo não passa de uma farsa?

http://minilua.com/a-maior-fraude-da-histria/

[SFN]

http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/forum/rules/
A violação das normas sobre a proibição de publicar obviamente equivocado a informação.

[Dave Bowman]

אפולו 17

ערך מורחב – הירח
[TR][/TR]

http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_17

[Dave Bowman]

SFN пишет:
http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/forum/rules/
A violação das normas sobre a proibição de publicar obviamente equivocado a informação.

Какие тут все злые

[ronatu]

А ведь были же планы

[ronatu]

Apollo 11 anniversary: Bay Area remembers Moon landing
 
http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-news/ci_23695290/bay-area-remembers-moon-landing



Retired aeronautical engineers Al Kuhn, left, and Manny Cherkas pose for a portrait with a model of the Apollo space craft at their retirement home in Palo Alto on Friday, July 19, 2013. Kuhn worked on Apollo 11 and Cherkas worked on the Pioneer Venus project.

[Petrovich]

ronatu пишет:
 А ведь были же планы

 

Да, планы были, и какие ! http://epizodsspace.no-ip.org/bibl/america/1971/172/kosmos.html

[ilan]

Petrovich пишет:

ronatu пишет:
 А ведь были же планы

 

Да, планы были, и какие ! http://epizodsspace.no-ip.org/bibl/america/1971/172/kosmos.html

Да... Красиво!
И что-то из этих планов было даже реализовано.

[Petrovich]

ilan пишет:
И что-то из этих планов было даже реализовано.

По инерции, поскольку старт им дан был во времена "Аполло" 
Кстати во времена максимального финансирования программы "Аполлон" в 1966 году вышла книга "Космическая эра. Прогнозы на 2001 год. "
переведенная у нас в 1970. Отроком зачитывался блин-н !  http://epizodsspace.no-ip.org/bibl/spaceage/spaceage_0.htm

[pkl]

Даааа.... дух захватывает и сейчас! :oops:  Вот было время!

[Liss]

По ходу, пара американских конгрессменов внесла законопроект о признании мест посадки "Аполлонов" природным парком: http://vz.ru/news/2013/7/10/640751.html

Текст законопроекта лежит на http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c113:H.R.2617: , если что.
Суть -- объявить природным парком все железо, лежащее в местах посадки шести "Аполлонов" и в месте падения 3-й ступени от "Аполлона-13" (смешно -- ступени и лунные модули от остальных экспедиций не упомянуты), пересчитать все, отслеживать впредь и -- главное -- "управлять доступом к этим местам, в том числе посредством координации с другими осуществляющими космическую деятельность странами и организациями". Чтоб не раздестроили и не растащили на сувениры. В общем, логично :-)

[Атяпа]

Это что - весь Тихий океан что ли?
Я то сперва подумал, что места посадок на Луне...

[pkl]

Liss пишет:
По ходу, пара американских конгрессменов внесла законопроект о признании мест посадки "Аполлонов" природным парком: http://vz.ru/news/2013/7/10/640751.html

Текст законопроекта лежит на http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c113:H.R.2617: , если что.
Суть -- объявить природным парком все железо, лежащее в местах посадки шести "Аполлонов" и в месте падения 3-й ступени от "Аполлона-13" (смешно -- ступени и лунные модули от остальных экспедиций не упомянуты), пересчитать все, отслеживать впредь и -- главное -- "управлять доступом к этим местам, в том числе посредством координации с другими осуществляющими космическую деятельность странами и организациями". Чтоб не раздестроили и не растащили на сувениры. В общем, логично :-)

Тут нужно международное соглашение заключать. И нашим надо подсуетиться, чтобы туда включили места посадок Лун 2, 9, 13, 16, 20, 24, обоих Луноходов... что ещё?

[2025]

pkl пишет:
Тут нужно международное соглашение заключать. И нашим надо подсуетиться, чтобы туда включили места посадок Лун 2, 9, 13, 16, 20, 24, обоих Луноходов... что ещё?

И Луну туда же. А то иж тут ходить будут всякие, топтаться, гелий-3 втаптывать в лунную грязь.

[Alex_II]

pkl пишет:
Тут нужно международное соглашение заключать. И нашим надо подсуетиться, чтобы туда включили места посадок Лун 2, 9, 13, 16, 20, 24, обоих Луноходов... что ещё?

Все остальные Луны, убившиеся о поверхность... Луна-15, 23 и т.п. Но тогда проще вообще объявить Луну (или хотя бы видимую с Земли часть) природным парком и запретить высадку... Пусть на обратной стороне садятся...

[frigate]

Думаю что в оригинале был исторический заповедник а не "природный парк" 

[Quoondo]

Прочитал ветку. Что то у всех попахивает ностальгией по прожитым 60-ым и 70-ым. Общество было другое. А между тем может сейчас и не все так плохо. Здесь очень много говорили в начале ветки про линейное историческое развитие и про то что в начале было несколько столетий стагнации в средневековье, потом неожиданно быстрый прогресс, а сейчас снова какой-то ступор. Так вот это очень может быть. Но в тоже время это очень спорный вопрос. Все в жизни относительно. Жалко конечно что 90% прогнозов которые были в начале или середине прошлого века не сбылись, но тем не менее цивилизация растет, развивается. А вместе с ней развивается и человечество. Впереди много нового интересного,  и не стоит смотреть в будущее с опущенной головой.

[pkl]

Похоже, Вы вообще ничего не поняли

[pkl]

 http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4205/ch6-3.html
 http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/main.html

[К.А.]

pkl пишет:

Liss пишет:
По ходу, пара американских конгрессменов внесла законопроект о признании мест посадки "Аполлонов" природным парком: http://vz.ru/news/2013/7/10/640751.html

Текст законопроекта лежит на http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c113:H.R.2617: , если что.
Суть -- объявить природным парком все железо, лежащее в местах посадки шести "Аполлонов" и в месте падения 3-й ступени от "Аполлона-13" (смешно -- ступени и лунные модули от остальных экспедиций не упомянуты), пересчитать все, отслеживать впредь и -- главное -- "управлять доступом к этим местам, в том числе посредством координации с другими осуществляющими космическую деятельность странами и организациями". Чтоб не раздестроили и не растащили на сувениры. В общем, логично

Тут нужно международное соглашение заключать. И нашим надо подсуетиться, чтобы туда включили места посадок Лун 2, 9, 13, 16, 20, 24, обоих Луноходов... что ещё?

Об Луну разбивались Рейнджеры и наши Лунники.

[Старый]

pkl пишет: 
Тут нужно международное соглашение заключать. И нашим надо подсуетиться, чтобы туда включили места посадок Лун 2, 9, 13, 16, 20, 24, обоих Луноходов... что ещё?

Луноходы всё, проданы. Не наша компетенция. Чужое. Новые хозяева о них может и позаботятся, хотя вроде бы в акте купли-продажи был предусмотрен самовывоз.

[pkl]

К.А. пишет:
Об Луну разбивались Рейнджеры и наши Лунники.

Луна-2 ещё куда ни шло, а Рейнджеры и Лунники... вряд ли от них что-то осталось, что стоило бы охранять. 

Старый пишет:

pkl пишет:
Тут нужно международное соглашение заключать. И нашим надо подсуетиться, чтобы туда включили места посадок Лун 2, 9, 13, 16, 20, 24, обоих Луноходов... что ещё?

Луноходы всё, проданы. Не наша компетенция. Чужое. Новые хозяева о них может и позаботятся, хотя вроде бы в акте купли-продажи был предусмотрен самовывоз.

Хорошо, Луноходы исключаем. А может, выкупить их назад?

Остаются: Луна 9, 13, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24.

[frigate]

А также фрагменты "Луны-15"  :cry:

[Дмитрий Инфан]

Чтобы разговоры о лунных заповедниках стали бы серьёзными, нужно возобновлять пилотируемые полёты на Луну. А так всё это было, есть и будет пустой болтовнёй.

[pkl]

Почему пилотируемые? Дистанционно управляемый луноход тоже может всё поломать и обгадить. А их становится всё больше.

[Andrey Samoilov]

Вопрос к знатокам по знаменитому ЭПАС. 
На одной иллюстации переходный модуль между Союзом и Аполлоном серебряного цвета. На другом изображении он черного цвета. Так все-таки, как выглядела обшивка в реальности?

[Брабонт]

Видимо, тёмно-серого (инконелевая фольга).  на 25-й минуте.

[Andrey Samoilov]

Виктор Воропаев пишет:
Видимо, тёмно-серого (инконелевая фольга). на 25-й минуте.

Спасибо за информацию.

Фотография на сайте НАСА тоже говорит в пользу серого цвета:
http://history.nasa.gov/astp/Apollo%20from%20Soyuz.jpg

[Petrovich]

[Asgard]

pkl пишет:
Имеется в виду прогресс в производительности компьютеров? Но тогда летали на Луну, а сейчас только картинки рисуют на эту тему.

Ну я бы не сказал что прогресс в компьютерах сильно большой. Да выросла частота уменьшились размеры отдельных элементов. Но принципы остались те же что и 20 лет назад. До сих пор не создано нормального френдли юзер интерфейса. Огромное количество не сруктурируемой информации. Зачастую избыточность инфы мощностей и прочего. Комп так и стал интеллектуальной самодостаточной системой. 

[ОАЯ]

Компьютеры, лазеры, роботы... Раньше на скотч антенну и вперед на поверхность Луны - 
http://www.workingonthemoon.com/WOTM-DuctTape.html

 

[frigate]

ОАЯ пишет:
Компьютеры, лазеры, роботы... Раньше на скотч антенну и вперед на поверхность Луны -
 http://www.workingonthemoon.com/WOTM-DuctTape.html

   

Скотчи, они разные бывают!  :idea:

[Александр Ч.]

Поэтому надо не скотчем, а синей изолентой ;-) 

[ronatu]

Это Duct tape а не Scotch....

[TAU]

Quoondo пишет: может сейчас и не все так плохо... цивилизация растет, развивается. А вместе с ней развивается и человечество

Вот как бы это не был путь в пропасть...

[Petrovich]

Наверно сюда  
Перефотошопил тут одну картинку.
Все пуски по программе "Apollo". Соб-но вся программа в пусках... 
Для статистики 
Залил на файлообменник с нормальным размером 3 Мб (оригинал вообще 8 Мб, но четче не будет) Смотреть тут http://fotoifolder.ru/view_foto/vqcftl14mo6_/

[Petrovich]

Интересно стало, а если сюда прямо загрузить  
Не... не берет 3 Мб и 4464 х 1242 

[Александр Ч.]

Petrovich пишет:
Не... не берет 3 Мб и 4464 х 1242

У меня отказался грузить и значительно меньшую картинку  :evil:  Наверное размер в 13к смутил движок форума 
Попробую превьюшку вставить:

[cross-track]

Давно хотел спросить - а почему в полете по программе Союз-Аполлон орбита кораблей лишь немного превышала 200 км?